자폐권리운동: 두 판 사이의 차이
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=== 자폐 유전자는 제거되어서는 안 된다 === | === 자폐 유전자는 제거되어서는 안 된다 === | ||
Since those in the autism rights movement see autism as a natural human variation and not a disorder, they are opposed to attempts to eliminate autism. In particular, there is opposition to prenatal genetic testing of autism in unborn fetuses, which some believe might be possible in the future (see [[Heritability of autism]]). Some worry that this can prevent autistic people from being born.<ref name="Harmon"/> On February 23, 2005 Joseph Buxbaum of the [[Autism Genome Project]] at the [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai]] said there could be a prenatal test for autism within 10 years.<ref>{{cite web |author=Herrera, Sue |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7013251 |title=Autism research focuses on early intervention: Genetic clues sought in fight against disorder |publisher=MSNBC |date=2005-02-23|accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071026043242/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7013251| archivedate= 26 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> However, the [[causes of autism|genetics of autism]] have proven to be extremely complex.<ref name=Freitag>{{cite journal |author=Freitag CM |title=The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature |journal=Mol Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |year=2007 |doi=10.1038/sj.mp.4001896 |pmid=17033636 |url=http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v12/n1/full/4001896a.html}}</ref> In any case, the Autistic Genocide Clock was started in response to this, which counts down to 10 years after Buxbaum made this announcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ventura33.com/clock/ |title=The Autistic Genocide Clock |publisher=Ventura33 FanFiction |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071015072038/http://ventura33.com/clock/| archivedate= 15 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> The public has started to debate the [[ethics]] involved in the possible elimination of a [[genotype]] that has liabilities and advantages, which may be seen as tampering with [[natural selection]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[MSNBC]] |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7899821/ |title=Would you have allowed Bill Gates to be born? Advances in prenatal genetic testing pose tough questions |author=Caplan, Arthur |date=2005-05-31 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071112165824/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7899821/| archivedate= 12 November 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> | |||
Some people lament that professionals, such as social workers, may discourage autistics from having children.<ref name=TrivediProud>{{cite journal |title=Autistic and proud of it |year=2005 |journal=New Scientist |author=Trivedi B|issue=2504 |page=36}}</ref> Some are concerned that the "ultimate cure will be a genetic test to prevent autistic children from being born"<ref name="Harmon"/> and that most autistic fetuses would be aborted if prenatal tests for autism are developed.<ref name=SanerDisease>{{cite news|author=Saner E |title=It is not a disease, it is a way of life |work=The Guardian |date=2007-08-07 |url=http://society.guardian.co.uk/health/story/0,,2143123,00.html |accessdate=2007-08-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820055604/http://society.guardian.co.uk/health/story/0%2C%2C2143123%2C00.html |archivedate=20 August 2007 |deadurl=no }}</ref> | |||
=== 자폐 '치료'라는 개념은 모욕적이다 === | === 자폐 '치료'라는 개념은 모욕적이다 === | ||
"Curing" or "treating" autism is a [[Ethical challenges to autism treatment|controversial]] and [[politicized issue]]. Doctors and scientists are not sure of the [[causes of autism|cause(s) of autism]] yet many organizations like [[Autism Research Institute]] and [[Autism Speaks]] advocate researching a cure. Members of the various autism rights organizations view autism as a way of life rather than as a disease and thus advocate acceptance over a search for a cure.<ref name="Harmon"/><ref name="SanerDisease"/> Some advocates believe that common therapies for the behavioral and language differences associated with autism, like [[applied behavior analysis]], are not only misguided but also unethical.<ref>[[Michelle Dawson|Dawson, Michelle]]. [http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/naa_aba.html The Misbehaviour of Behaviourists.] (2004-01-18). Retrieved on 2007-01-23.</ref> | |||
The ''"anti-cure perspective"'' endorsed by the movement is a view that [[Autism spectrum|autism]] is not a disorder, but a normal occurrence—an alternate variation in brain wiring or a less common expression of the human genome.<ref name="Harmon"/> Advocates of this perspective believe that autism is a unique way of being that should be validated, supported and appreciated rather than shunned, discriminated against or eliminated.<ref name="Harmon"/><ref name=Gal>{{cite news |author=Gal L |title=Who says autism's a disease? |work=Haaretz |date=2007-06-28 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/876283.html |accessdate=2007-07-16| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070701201936/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/876283.html| archivedate= 1 July 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> They believe the quirks and uniqueness of autistic individuals should be tolerated as the differences of any minority group should be tolerated and that efforts to eliminate autism should not be compared, for example, to curing cancer but instead to the antiquated notion of curing [[left-handedness]].<ref name="Harmon"/><ref name=Dawson>{{cite web|url=http://archive.autistics.org/library/dawson.html |title=In Support of Michelle Dawson and Her Work |publisher=Autistics.org |accessdate=2012-03-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215181832/http://archive.autistics.org/library/dawson.html |archivedate=2012-02-15 }}</ref> The ARM is a part of the larger disability rights movement, and as such acknowledges the social model of disability.<ref>{{cite book |author=Waltz, M |title=Autism: A Social and Medical History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |year=2013 |isbn=0-230-52750-7}}</ref> Within the model, struggles faced by autistic people are viewed as discrimination rather than deficiencies. | |||
[[Jim Sinclair (activist)|Jim Sinclair]], a leader in the movement, argues that autism is essential to a person, not a disease secondary to the person. Sinclair says that wishing that an autistic person be cured is equivalent to wishing that they disappear and another completely different person exist in their place.<ref name=DontMourn>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmonds-institute.org/dontmour.html |title=Don't mourn for us |publisher=The Edmonds Institute |author=Sinclair, Jim |year=1993 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071020225532/http://www.edmonds-institute.org/dontmour.html| archivedate= 20 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Visions for a future where autism has been eradicated, Sinclair believes, is the desire to end [[Sociological and cultural aspects of autism|the autistic culture]].<ref name="DontMourn"/> | |||
Some movement members with [[Asperger syndrome]], who do not have the language differences typical of autistic individuals, believe their way of life should be respected and they should be left alone completely. Other members agree that autistics should not be made to act exactly like everyone else, but that they should receive therapy to help them learn to communicate in innovative ways or regulate emotions.<ref name="RogerCollier"/><ref name=Woodford>Woodford, Gillian. [http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2006/04_30/3_patients_practice05_8.html "'We Don't Need To Be Cured,' Autistics Say."] ''National Review of Medicine.'' Volume 3 Number 8. 2006-04-30. Retrieved on 2008-02-10.</ref> [[Simon Baron-Cohen]], a professor of [[developmental psychology]] at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] and an autism researcher, expressed the latter view.<ref>{{cite journal |title=In a different world |year=2001 |journal=New Scientist |author=Else L |issue=2286 |pages=42}}</ref> Baron-Cohen said:<ref name="SanerDisease"/> | |||
{{인용문 2|I do think there is a benefit in trying to help people with autism-spectrum conditions with areas of difficulty such as emotion recognition. Nobody would dispute the place for interventions that alleviate areas of difficulty, while leaving the areas of strength untouched. But to talk about a 'cure for autism' is a sledge-hammer approach and the fear would be that in the process of alleviating the areas of difficulty, the qualities that are special - such as the remarkable attention to detail, and the ability to concentrate for long periods on a small topic in depth - would be lost. Autism is both a disability and a difference. We need to find ways of alleviating the disability while respecting and valuing the difference.}} | |||
== 어티즘 스픽스에 대한 보이콧 == | == 어티즘 스픽스에 대한 보이콧 == | ||