자폐권리운동: 두 판 사이의 차이
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== 관점 == | == 관점 == | ||
Some autistic rights activists believe some characteristics described as being autistic traits are actually misconceptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isnt.autistics.org/ |title=What is NT? |publisher=Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical |date=2002-03-18 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071017031902/http://isnt.autistics.org/| archivedate= 17 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Michelle Dawson has disputed the belief that 75% of autistic people have low intelligence.<ref name=RogerCollier>Collier, Roger. [http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/observer/story.html?id=71fae5dc-7eb5-48fd-8f60-78deebee9879&p=1 "Autism".] ''The Ottawa Citizen'' (2007-12-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-17.</ref> Psychiatrist [[Laurent Mottron]] of [[Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies]] in [[Montreal]] says that autistic people often score much higher on a nonverbal test of abstract reasoning than on a standard IQ test.<ref name=Bower>{{cite web | |||
|author=Bower, Bruce | |||
|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070707/fob4.asp | |||
|title=Hidden Smarts: Abstract thought trumps IQ scores in autism | |||
|publisher=Science News Online | |||
|date=2007-07-07 |volume=172 |issue=1 |page=4 | |||
|accessdate=2007-11-08 | |||
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225228/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070707/fob4.asp | |||
|archivedate=2007-10-12 | |||
|deadurl=no | |||
|df= | |||
}}</ref> The UK's National Autistic Society claims the proportion of autistics with intellectual disability to be between 44% and 52%, a lower figure.<ref>http://www.autism.org.uk/about/what-is/myths-facts-stats.aspx</ref> | |||
Some autistics have claimed that non-autistics are insensitive to ''their'' perspectives, and write [[parody|parodies]] based on this, addressing what they call [[allism]] (a lack of autism) as a mental disorder characterized by lack of "theory of other minds".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hem.spray.se/erik.engdahl/autism/isnt/salanne.html |title=The Sal and Anne Test: Implications, and Theory of Mind |publisher=Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical |date= 1998-09-26|accessdate=2012-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hem.spray.se/erik.engdahl/autism/isnt/theory_of_mind.html |title=NT Theory of Mind |publisher=Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical |accessdate=2012-11-03}}</ref> | |||
[[Jim Sinclair (activist)|Jim Sinclair]], who has also been a target of similar criticism from very early on, goes into detail about "the politics of opposition to self-advocacy".<ref name=ANIHistory>{{cite web |url=http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/History_of_ANI.html |title=Autism Network International: The Development of a Community and its Culture |author=Sinclair, Jim |date=January 2005 |publisher=Jim Sinclair's personal website |accessdate=2007-11-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070826110842/http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/History_of_ANI.html |archivedate = 2007-08-26}}</ref> | |||
The controversy has erupted on autism e-mail lists, where "curebie" is used as a derogatory term for parents who are portrayed as "slaves to conformity, so anxious for their children to appear normal that they cannot respect their way of communicating".<ref name="Harmon"/> These parents respond that this attitude shows "a typical autistic lack of empathy by suggesting that they should not try to help their children". Lenny Schafer said that the autism-like lack of [[empathy]] of anti-cure activists prevent them from seeing what is in the hearts of pro-cure advocates.<ref>Schafer, Lenny. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050507231402/http://lists.envirolink.org/pipermail/sareport/Week-of-Mon-20050110/000350.html "Response to Letters: Somewhere Over the Spectrum, Part 3."] Volume 9 Number 5. (January 2005). Retrieved on 2008-01-04.</ref> | |||
=== 자폐는 장애가 아니다 === | === 자폐는 장애가 아니다 === | ||
Autism is classified by psychologists as a disorder<!--for instance, in DSM and ICD-->, rather than the variation in functioning preferred by supporters of neurodiversity, with an attendant focus on the burden placed on society in caring for autistic individuals. Caring for autistic individuals has been compared to treating a patient with [[cancer]], though extended over the duration of a normal lifespan.<ref name=Bettelheim>{{cite web |authorlink=Michelle Dawson |last=Dawson |first=Michelle |title=Bettelheim's Worst Crime: Autism and the Epidemic of Irresponsibility |url=http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/md_01.html |publisher=Michelle Dawson's No Autistics Allowed |date=2003-09-09 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071031003227/http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/md_01.html| archivedate= 31 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Autistic children have also been described as being held hostage to a psychiatric disorder.<ref name=Kaufman>Kaufman, Joanne. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/business/media/14adco.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Campaign on Childhood Mental Illness Succeeds at Being Provocative]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 2007-12-14. Retrieved on 2008-02-24.</ref> [[Boyd Haley]], an [[Vaccine controversies|anti-vaccine activist]] and early promoter of the [[Thiomersal controversy|debunked claim that thimerosol causes autism]], labeled the disease as "mad child disease" (akin to [[mad cow disease]]), which some autistic individuals and their parents have found highly offensive.<ref name="Offit2010">{{cite book|author=Paul A. Offit|title=Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=er6rAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|date=2 April 2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14637-1|page=132}}</ref><ref name=Dignity>{{cite web |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/mothers_for_dignity.html |title=Petition to Defend the Dignity of Autistic Citizens |publisher=neurodiversity.com |date=July 2005 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224839/http://www.neurodiversity.com/mothers_for_dignity.html| archivedate= 27 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Margaret Somerville]], founding director of the [[McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law]], said that with activism there is a direct goal and it is sometimes necessary to sacrifice complexity and nuance to make a point, but some autistic activists don't believe desperation justifies the rhetoric.<ref name="RogerCollier"/> [[Bennett L. Leventhal]] said he understands concern about comparing autistic children to hostages but thinks the campaigns make the point that these are real diseases that will consume children if untreated.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Autistic rights activists also reject terming the reported increase in autism diagnoses as an '[[epidemic]]' since the word implies autism is a disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/mind_epidemic.html |title=The "Autism Epidemic" & Real Epidemics |date=2005-03-25 |accessdate=2008-01-04 |publisher=neurodiversity.com }}</ref> | |||
Attempts have been made to place a figure on the financial cost of autism, addressed to both scholarly<ref>{{cite book |author1=John L R Rubenstein |author2=Moldin, Steven O. |title=Understanding autism: from basic neuroscience to treatment |publisher=Taylor & Frances |location=Boca Raton |year=2006 |isbn=0-8493-2732-6}}</ref> and popular audiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fightingautism.org/clock/index.php |title=Autism Clock |publisher=fightingautism.org |accessdate=2008-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721130952/http://fightingautism.org/clock/index.php |archivedate=2007-07-21 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> These efforts have been criticized by some autism rights advocates, who compare them to similar calculations about "persons with bad heredity" made by the [[eugenics]] movement in the early 20th century—a movement currently in disrepute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autistics.org/library/thenandnow.html |title=Then and Now: 1926, The Bad Old Days |publisher=Autistics.org |accessdate=2008-01-04| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080102005108/http://www.autistics.org/library/thenandnow.html| archivedate= 2 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Michelle Dawson]] has pointed out that no effort has been made to examine the cost of 'eliminating the disease' to autistic individuals,<ref name=burden>{{cite web |url=http://autismcrisis.blogspot.com/2007/04/autistic-persons-burden.html |last=Dawson |first=Michelle |authorlink=Michelle Dawson |accessdate=2008-01-04 |date=2007-04-03 |title=The autistic person's burden }}</ref> and she, as well as others, have also pointed out the valuable contributions autistic individuals can, and have made to society.<ref name="burden"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2147 |title=The True Meaning of Research Participation |date=2007-04-01 |last=Gernsbacher |first=MA |publisher=[[Association for Psychological Science]] |accessdate=2008-01-04 }}</ref> Dr. [[Temple Grandin]] has speculated that an autistic [[Neanderthal|caveman]] probably invented the first stone spear, and that if autism were eliminated, society would lose most of its scientists, musicians, and mathematicians.<ref name=Grandin>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrongplanet.net/article295.html|title=Interview with Temple Grandin|publisher=Wrong Planet|date=2006-01-02}}</ref><ref name=NewYork>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/news/features/47225/|title=The Autism Rights Movement|author=Andrew Solomon|publisher=New York|date=2008-05-25}}</ref> | |||
Some autistic activists say it is not easy to distinguish between high and low functioning.<ref name="Harmon"/> Some autistic individuals, in contrast, are supportive of the distinction between the low and high functioning labels as well as autism and Asperger syndrome, and believe it is important in helping individuals get proper consultation and treatment.<ref name=SueRubin>Rubin, Sue. [http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/presents/shows/autism.world/notebooks/sue/notebook.html Acceptance versus Cure.] CNN Programs - Presents. Retrieved on 2008-02-17.</ref> | |||
=== 자폐 사용자에게는 고유 문화가 있다 === | === 자폐 사용자에게는 고유 문화가 있다 === | ||