자폐권리운동: 두 판 사이의 차이

현재 자폐는 {{출처|정신의학자들에 의해}} 국제적인 질병편람인 [[DSM]]<ref name=dsm5original>{{Cite web|url=https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|publisher=[[미국정신의학협회]]|accessdate=2018-04-29}}</ref><ref name=dsm5abasc3>{{Cite web|url=https://images.pearsonclinical.com/images/assets/basc-3/basc3resources/DSM5_DiagnosticCriteria_AutismSpectrumDisorder.pdf|title=DSM5 Diagnostic Criteria Autism Spectrum Disorder|first=Cecil R.|last=Reynolds|first2=Randy W.|last2=Kamphaus|publisher=[[Pearson]]|accessdate=2018-04-29}}</ref>과 [[ICD]]<ref name="icd11asc">{{언어고리|en}} {{웹 인용|url=https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f437815624|제목=6A02 Autism spectrum disorder|저자=[[세계보건기구]]|확인일자=2018-04-27}}</ref>의 최신판 모두에서 장애로 규정돼 있으며, 이에 따라 자폐 당사자들을 사회가 돌볼 책무가 있다는 관점이 수반되는데, 이는 신경다양성 지지자들이 자폐를 '기능상 변형'(variation in functioning)으로 정의하는 것과 대치된다. 자폐 당사자를 돌보는 것은 전 생애주기에 걸쳐 있음에도 불구하고 [[암]] 환자를 치료하는 것과 비교된다<ref name=Bettelheim>{{언어고리|en}} {{cite web |authorlink=Michelle Dawson |last=Dawson |first=Michelle |title=Bettelheim's Worst Crime: Autism and the Epidemic of Irresponsibility |url=http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/md_01.html |publisher=Michelle Dawson's No Autistics Allowed |date=2003-09-09 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071031003227/http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/md_01.html| archivedate=2007-10-31}}</ref>. 또한 자폐를 가진 어린이들 또한 정신과적 장애에 사로잡힌 것처럼 묘사되고 있다<ref name=Kaufman>{{언어고리|en}} {{기사 인용|성=Kaufman|이름=Joanne|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/business/media/14adco.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|제목=Campaign on Childhood Mental Illness Succeeds at Being Provocative|출판사=[[뉴욕타임즈]]|날짜=2007-12-14|확인일자=2008-02-24}}</ref>. 백신 반대론자이자 [[티오메르살 논쟁|티오메르살(Thiomersal)이 장애를 촉발한다고 주장한]] '''보이드 할리'''(Boyd Haley)는, 자폐성 장애를 [[미친 소]]가 일으키는 광우병에 빗대 '미친 아이 질병'(광아병(狂兒病), mad child disease)이라고 불렀으며, 이는 자폐성 당사자와 보호자들이 높은 불쾌감을 느끼게 했다<ref name="Offit2010">{{언어고리|en}} {{책 인용|이름=Paul|성=A. Offit|title=Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=er6rAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|date=2010-04-02|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14637-1|쪽=132}}</ref><ref name=Dignity>{{cite web |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/mothers_for_dignity.html |title=Petition to Defend the Dignity of Autistic Citizens|date=July 2005 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archivedate=2007-09-27| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224839/http://www.neurodiversity.com/mothers_for_dignity.html}}</ref>. 맥길 약품·윤리·법률센터(McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law)의 창시자인 '''마가렛 서머빌'''(Margaret Somerville)은 행동주의에는 직접적인 목표가 있고, 때때로 논점을 구축하기 위해 복잡성과 뉘앙스를 희생해야만 할 때가 있다고 말했으나, 몇몇 자폐 활동가들은 절망이 레토릭을 정당화하지 못한다고 믿는다ref name="RogerCollier"/>. '''베넷 레벤탈'''(Bennett L. Leventhal) 자폐 아동들이 요법의 인질이 되는 것에 대한 우려를 이해하지만, 치료하지 않는다면 어린이들의 삶을 소모할 수 있는 실제 질병들도 있다는 것을 상기시킨다고 생각한다고 말했다<ref name="Kaufman"/>. 자폐인권 활동가들은 또한 자폐 진단의 증가를 전염병처럼 설명하는 것도 이 단어가 자폐에 질병이라는 의미를 부여하기 때문에 반대한다.<ref>{{언어고리|en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/mind_epidemic.html |title=The "Autism Epidemic" & Real Epidemics |date=2005-03-25 |accessdate=2008-01-04 |publisher=neurodiversity.com }}</ref>

자폐인권운동 속에 있는 사람들이 자폐를 장애가 아니라 자연스러운 인간의 변형으로 보기 때문에, 자폐를 없애고자 하는 시도에 반대한다. 특히, 이들 중 몇몇은 태어난 이후에도 자폐가 일어날 수 있다고 믿기 때문에, 태어나지 않은 상태에서 자폐 여부를 유전적으로 검사하는 데에 대해 반대하며, 몇몇은 이 검사를 통해 자폐 당사자가 태어나는 것을 막을 수 있다고 걱정한다<ref name="Harmon"/>. 2005년 1월 23일,자폐  

Since those in the autism rights movement see autism as a natural human variation and not a disorder, they are opposed to attempts to eliminate autism. In particular, there is opposition to prenatal genetic testing of autism in unborn fetuses, which some believe might be possible in the future (see [[Heritability of autism]]). Some worry that this can prevent autistic people from being born. On February 23, 2005 Joseph Buxbaum of the [[Autism Genome Project]] at the [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai]] said there could be a prenatal test for autism within 10 years.<ref>{{cite web |author=Herrera, Sue |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7013251 |title=Autism research focuses on early intervention:  Genetic clues sought in fight against disorder |publisher=MSNBC |date=2005-02-23|accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071026043242/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7013251| archivedate= 26 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> However, the [[causes of autism|genetics of autism]] have proven to be extremely complex.<ref name=Freitag>{{cite journal |author=Freitag CM |title=The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature |journal=Mol Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |year=2007 |doi=10.1038/sj.mp.4001896 |pmid=17033636 |url=http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v12/n1/full/4001896a.html}}</ref> In any case, the Autistic Genocide Clock was started in response to this, which counts down to 10 years after Buxbaum made this announcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ventura33.com/clock/ |title=The Autistic Genocide Clock |publisher=Ventura33 FanFiction |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071015072038/http://ventura33.com/clock/| archivedate= 15 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>  The public has started to debate the [[ethics]] involved in the possible elimination of a [[genotype]] that has liabilities and advantages, which may be seen as tampering with [[natural selection]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[MSNBC]] |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7899821/ |title=Would you have allowed Bill Gates to be born? Advances in prenatal genetic testing pose tough questions |author=Caplan, Arthur |date=2005-05-31 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071112165824/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7899821/| archivedate= 12 November 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>

자폐를 '치료'하거나 '처치'하는 행위 자체는 [[자폐 치료에 대한 윤리적 도전|논란적이며]], 정치화된 이슈이기도 하다. 의사들과 자연과학자들은 자폐가 발생하는 이유에 대해 확신하지 못하지만, [[자폐연구네트워크]]나 [[어티즘 스픽스]] 등의 단체들은 치료 방법의 연구를 옹호하고 있다. 다수의 자폐 인권 단체 구성원들은 자폐를 질병보다는 삶의 방식으로 바라보며 치료 방법을 찾기보다는 자폐 자체를 받아들일 것을 주장한다<ref name="Harmon"/><ref name="SanerDisease"/>. 몇몇

Some advocates believe that common therapies for the behavioral and language differences associated with autism, like [[applied behavior analysis]], are not only misguided but also unethical.<ref>[[Michelle Dawson|Dawson, Michelle]]. [http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/naa_aba.html The Misbehaviour of Behaviourists.] (2004-01-18). Retrieved on 2007-01-23.</ref>

 

The ''"anti-cure perspective"'' endorsed by the movement is a view that [[Autism spectrum|autism]] is not a disorder, but a normal occurrence—an alternate variation in brain wiring or a less common expression of the human genome.<ref name="Harmon"/> Advocates of this perspective believe that autism is a unique way of being that should be validated, supported and appreciated rather than shunned, discriminated against or eliminated.<ref name="Harmon"/><ref name=Gal>{{cite news |author=Gal L |title=Who says autism's a disease? |work=Haaretz |date=2007-06-28 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/876283.html |accessdate=2007-07-16| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070701201936/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/876283.html| archivedate= 1 July 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> They believe the quirks and uniqueness of autistic individuals should be tolerated as the differences of any minority group should be tolerated and that efforts to eliminate autism should not be compared, for example, to curing cancer but instead to the antiquated notion of curing [[left-handedness]].<ref name="Harmon"/><ref name=Dawson>{{cite web|url=http://archive.autistics.org/library/dawson.html |title=In Support of Michelle Dawson and Her Work |publisher=Autistics.org |accessdate=2012-03-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215181832/http://archive.autistics.org/library/dawson.html |archivedate=2012-02-15 }}</ref> The ARM is a part of the larger disability rights movement, and as such acknowledges the social model of disability.<ref>{{cite book |author=Waltz, M |title=Autism: A Social and Medical History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |year=2013 |isbn=0-230-52750-7}}</ref> Within the model, struggles faced by autistic people are viewed as discrimination rather than deficiencies.