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7,239
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자폐권리운동: 두 판 사이의 차이
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편집 요약 없음
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| 62번째 줄: | 62번째 줄: | ||
== 어티즘 스픽스에 대한 보이콧 == | == 어티즘 스픽스에 대한 보이콧 == | ||
<!-- Commented out: [[File:Autism Speaks Logo.jpg|thumb|right|x160px|alt=The blue puzzle piece of Autism Speaks|The logo of Autism Speaks is a blue jigsaw piece, which many advocates object to because of what it symbolizes.<ref name=Unpuzzled/>]] --> | |||
As the most recognized name in autism advocacy worldwide, [[Autism Speaks]] is seen as representative of autism, particularly advocacy of a cure.<ref name=MasterPost>{{cite web|url=http://thecaffeinatedautistic.wordpress.com/new-autism-speaks-masterpost-updated-62014/|title=New Autism Speaks Masterpost (Updated 6/20/14)|author=Beth Ryan|date=2014-06-20|publisher=The Caffeinated Autistic}}</ref> As a result, Autism Speaks is implicated in perpetuating misconceptions, including inaccurate diagnostic criteria, functioning labels, [[People-first language|"person"-first language]], the [[medical model of disability]], equation of communication and intelligence, promotion of [[applied behavior analysis|ABA]] therapy, comparisons between autism and diseases, the view of rising autism diagnosis rates as an epidemic, the concept of autism as something separable from people with autism, the view of children with autism as trapped or broken, the belief that married couples who have children with autism are more likely to divorce, and the belief that parent-on-child murder is caused by lack of services.<ref name="DailyKos" /> | |||
In addition to its cultural impact, Autism Speaks has been criticized for ignoring and excluding people with autism.<ref name=DailyKos>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2007/05/19/336513/-An-Autistic-Speaks-About-Autism-Speaks|title=An Autistic Speaks About Autism Speaks|date=2007-05-19|publisher=Daily Kos}}</ref> Until he resigned in 2013, [[John Elder Robison]] was the organization's only board member openly recognised as being on the autism spectrum. His resignation came two days after the release of an op-ed by the group's co-founder Suzanne Wright which, according to Robison, "is simply not defensible for someone who feels as I do, and I cannot continue to stand up for the public actions of an organization that makes the same mistakes over and over again by failing to connect to the community it purports to represent."<ref name=Robison>{{cite web|url=http://jerobison.blogspot.com/2013/11/i-resign-my-roles-at-autism-speaks.html|title=I resign my roles at Autism Speaks|author=John Elder Robison|date=2013-11-13|publisher=John Elder Robison's personal website}}</ref> Simone Greggs, the mother of a child with autism, filed a lawsuit against Autism Speaks for [[disability discrimination]] after her job offer was rescinded. The suit alleges that she lost the job offer due to asking for an accommodation on behalf of her son.<ref name=Lawsuit>{{cite web|url=http://www.wjla.com/articles/2012/08/mom-sues-autism-speaks-after-job-offer-is-rescinded-78415.html|title=Mom sues Autism Speaks after job offer is rescinded|author=Greta Kreuz|date=2012-08-02|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> | |||
Autism Speaks has produced three major films, each met with strong opposition from the Autistic community. ''[[Autism Every Day]]'' is a documentary featuring interviews of parents with mostly negative opinions about autism and their situations. It has been criticized due to parents speaking about their children as if they are not there. In one interview, former board member [[Alison Singer]], mother of a daughter with autism, reveals she contemplated murder-suicide with her daughter in the same room.<ref name="murray">{{cite book|author=Murray, Stuart|year=2008|title=Representing Autism: Culture, Narrative, Fascination|publisher=Liverpool University Press|page=135|isbn=978-1-84631-092-8|quote=... [the film] drew substantial criticism from disability rights advocates because of its concentration on the condition as one of problems and difficulties, especially for parents. It created particular controversy when one of the mothers being interviewed, discussing the struggles she had endured in searching for a school for her child, commented that the only reason she had not put her autistic daughter in her car and driven off of a bridge was because she has another daughter, who does not have autism.}}</ref> ''I Am Autism'' is a short video that [[personifies]] autism as a narrative voice, which compares itself to several diseases<ref name=Transcript>{{cite web|url=http://autisticadvocacy.org/2009/09/horrific-autism-speaks-i-am-autism-ad-transcript/|title=Horrific Autism Speaks "I am Autism" ad transcript|date=2009-09-23|publisher=Autistic Self Advocacy Network}}</ref> and makes the false claim<ref name=Divorce>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/05/19/autism.divorce.rates/|title=Parents of kids with autism not more likely to divorce, study suggests|author=Madison Park|publisher=CNN}}</ref> of causing divorce.<ref>{{cite news |author= Biever C |title='Poetic' autism film divides campaigners |date=2009-09-29 |work=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17878-poetic-autism-film-divides-campaigners.html |accessdate=2009-10-08 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003122813/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17878-poetic-autism-film-divides-campaigners.html| archivedate= 3 October 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Wallis C |title='I Am Autism': an advocacy video sparks protest |work=TIME |date=2009-11-06 |url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1935959,00.html |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109022116/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0%2C8599%2C1935959%2C00.html |archivedate=9 November 2009 |deadurl=no }}</ref> ''[[Sounding the Alarm]]'' is a documentary exploring the transition to adulthood and the cost of lifetime care. It was criticized for being "full of dehumanizing rhetoric" and portraying ignorance of nonverbal communication.<ref name=SoundingTheAlarm>{{cite web|url=http://autismwomensnetwork.org/film-review-of-documentary-sounding-the-alarm-battling-the-autism-epidemic/|title=Film Review of documentary "Sounding the Alarm: Battling the Autism Epidemic"|author=Lei Wiley-Mydske|date=2014-07-19|publisher=Autism Women's Network}}</ref> | |||
Because of the number of objections to the organization, Autism Speaks fundraising events have been the object of organized protest.<ref name=JoinTheProtest>{{cite web|url=http://autisticcommunity.org/2013/11/12/join-the-protest-against-autism-speaks/|title=Join the Protest Against Autism Speaks|date=2013-11-12|publisher=Association for Autistic Community}}</ref><ref name=HoyaProtest>{{cite web|url=http://www.autistichoya.com/2012/11/protesting-autism-speaks.html|title=Protesting Autism Speaks|author=Lydia Brown|date=2012-11-05|publisher=Autistic Hoya}}</ref> Many of these protests are organized by the Autistic Self Advocacy Network.<ref name=ASANProtest>{{cite web|url=http://autisticadvocacy.org/2012/11/protesting/|title=Protesting|author=Katie Miller|date=2012-11-17|publisher=Autistic Self Advocacy Network}}</ref> In 2013, the organization Boycott Autism Speaks published a list of companies that donate money to Autism Speaks along with their contact information, urging those in the Autistic community to pressure those companies into dropping their support via an active [[boycott]], since direct appeals to Autism Speaks did not result in the desired changes.<ref name=BAS>{{cite web|url=http://boycottautismspeaks.com/contact-sponsors.html|title=Boycott Autism Speaks - Contact Sponsors|publisher=Boycott Autism Speaks}}</ref> A month later, ASAN published its 2014 Joint Letter to the Sponsors of Autism Speaks, signed by 26 different disability-related organizations, appealing to the moral responsibility of the sponsors, donors, and other supporters.<ref name=JointLetter>{{cite web|url=http://autisticadvocacy.org/2014/01/2013-joint-letter-to-the-sponsors-of-autism-speaks/|title=2014 Joint Letter to the Sponsors of Autism Speaks|date=2014-01-06|publisher=Autistic Self Advocacy Network}}</ref> | |||
== 자폐권리운동 단체들 == | == 자폐권리운동 단체들 == | ||
There are several organizations in the autism rights movement. Some like the [[Autistic Self Advocacy Network]] are led exclusively by Autistic people, while others such as [[Autism National Committee]] encourage cooperation between Autistic people and their non-autistic allies. | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="col" | Year founded | |||
! scope="col" | Title | |||
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Description | |||
! scope="col" | Nonprofit status | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 1962 | |||
! scope="row" | [[National Autistic Society]] (NAS) | |||
| Charity supporting advocacy and education. NAS manages a number of schools throughout the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=NASschool>{{cite web|url=http://www.autism.org.uk/Our-services/Our-schools/About-our-schools/|title=About our schools|publisher=National Autistic Society|date=2014-04-11}}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"|Registered charity | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 1983 | |||
! scope="row" | [[Autism-Europe]] (AE) | |||
| An international network association located in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]], whose main objective is to advance the rights of autistic people and their families and to help them improve their quality of life. Autism-Europe does this primarily by representing autistic people and their families in advocacy work with the [[European Union]] institutions. | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"|International non-profit organisation (aisbl) | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 1986 | |||
! scope="row" | [[Vlaamse Vereniging Autisme]] (VVA) | |||
| [[Flanders]] based social network consisting of both Autistic individuals and family members. Autistic individuals and couples where one partner has Autism are frequent speakers or hosts at events intended to improve the understanding and collaboration between Autistic individuals and non-Autistic individuals and eliminate misconceptions about Autism. | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"|vzw (equivalent to [[501(c)]]) | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 1990 | |||
! scope="row" | [[Autism National Committee]] (AutCom) | |||
| Advocacy organization with a specific focus on civil rights, dedicated to "Social Justice for All Citizens with Autism."<ref name=AutCom>{{cite web|url=http://www.autcom.org/about.html|title=About AUTCOM|publisher=Autism National Committee}}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"|[[501(c)3]] | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 1992 | |||
! scope="row" | [[Autism Network International]] (ANI) | |||
| [[Self-advocacy]] organization founded by Autistic individuals. ANI is the host of the annual [[Autreat]] conference. | |||
| style="background:#ffa07a;" align="center"|None | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 2004 | |||
! scope="row" | [[Aspies For Freedom]] (AFF) | |||
| Web-based organization for the Autistic community that had more than 20,000 members. Aspies For Freedom has disbanded, but some of its former members have reorganized at the online communities of Autism Friends Network and ASDCommunity. | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"| | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 2005 | |||
! scope="row" | [[The Autism Acceptance Project]] (TAAProject) | |||
|Organization founded by mother to autistic son Estee Klar with a group of autistic advisory and board members. An arts-based organization with an online presence that conducts online and offline events to support autism acceptance and critical thinking about autism and disability. Based in Canada. | |||
|style="background:#98FB98" align-"center"|[[Canadian Registered Charity]] | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 2006 | |||
! scope="row" | [[Autistic Self Advocacy Network]] (ASAN) | |||
| [[Self-advocacy]] organization founded by [[Ari Ne'eman]] to represent the Autistic community and further the autism rights movement. | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"|[[501(c)3]] | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 2009 | |||
! scope="row" | [[Don't Play Me, Pay Me]] | |||
| UK campaign focusing on [[Asperger syndrome]], encouraging and supporting disabled actors.<ref name=BlackingUp>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/nov/15/disabled-actors-television-campaign|title=Mentally disabled actors are victims of modern 'blacking-up', says campaigner|author=Amelia Hill|publisher=The Guardian|date=2009-11-14}}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#ffa07a;" align="center"|None | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 2009 | |||
! scope="row" | [[Autism Women's Network]] (AWN) | |||
| [[Self-advocacy]] organization founded by several Autistic women, focused on the intersection of the autism rights movement with [[feminism]].<ref name=Divergent>{{cite web|url=http://autismwomensnetwork.org/divergent-when-disability-and-feminism-collide/|title=DIVERgent: When Disability and Feminism Collide|author=Cara Liebowitz|publisher=Autism Women's Network|date=2013-12-17}}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"|[[501(c)3]] | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 2010 | |||
! scope="row" | [[Thinking Person's Guide To Autism]] (TPGA) | |||
| Collaborative online information resource and publisher of the book by the same name. | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"|[[501(c)3]] | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 2013 | |||
! scope="row" | [[The I Can Network]] | |||
| The I Can Network is a movement dedicated to driving a rethink of the Autism Spectrum among young people and the community, away from ‘I Can’t’ to ‘I Can’. | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"| | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 2015 | |||
! scope="row" |White Unicorn e.V. | |||
| [[Self-advocacy]] association for the development of an autistic-friendly environment e.V., Germany<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.white-unicorn.org|title=White Unicorn, Association for the development of an autistic-friendly environment e.V|date=2017-07-16}}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"|Registered charity | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 2016 | |||
! scope="row" | [[Alternative Baseball Organization]] (ABO) | |||
| Adaptive baseball/softball organization formed by Taylor Duncan in 2016 to raise awareness and acceptance for teens and adults with autism through sport.<ref name=AJC>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/for-love-the-game-young-man-dream-for-special-needs-baseball/Fh2lkjsfBqfrrbQaf58a7I/|title=For love of the game: a young man’s dream for special needs baseball|author=Zachary Hansen|publisher=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|date=2016-11-08}}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#98FB98" align="center"| | |||
|} | |||
== 비판과 반대 움직임 == | == 비판과 반대 움직임 == | ||
Parents with the perspective of autism as a disorder (which is called the ''"pro-cure perspective"'' in the autism rights movement) believe that therapy with the intent of extinguishing stereotypically autistic behavior is in their children's best interests; they see this as a treatment that will reduce their children's suffering.<ref name=OnCuring>{{cite web|url=http://wampum.wabanaki.net/archives/001574.html |title=On "curing" autism |date=2005-01-15 |publisher=wampum.wabanaki.net |accessdate=2007-11-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012161116/http://wampum.wabanaki.net/archives/001574.html |archivedate=October 12, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=NYTLetter>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarnet.org/ltr/weintraub1-05.htm |title=Letter to the NY Times from Kit Weintraub |author=Weintraub, Kit |publisher=The Schafer Autism Report |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015503/http://www.sarnet.org/ltr/weintraub1-05.htm| archivedate= 28 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> These critics say ABA gives autistic children the best chance of success in adulthood, as they either do not believe it is possible that adult society could accommodate autistic people (who have not been trained by ABA to exhibit neurotypical behavior at all times) or they do not believe it is desirable to do so. | |||
Some parents believe that intensive behavioral therapy is the only way to alleviate autistic children's disabilities.<ref name="Harmon"/> Some critics also fear that the movement will prevent autistic children from receiving important therapies. Kit Weintraub has responded to Michelle Dawson's claims that ABA is harmful by insisting that it is medically necessary and appropriate treatment, and that it is harmful to deny it to autistic children who need it.<ref name=Weintraub>Weintraub, Kit. [https://web.archive.org/web/20051216174906/http://asatonline.org/resources/library/moms_perspective.html A Mother's Perspective]. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.</ref> | |||
There are also accusations about how well autistic people of different functioning levels are represented in the movement. Critics of the movement argue that anyone on the autism spectrum who is able to express their desire not to be cured must be [[high-functioning autism|high functioning autistic]] or have Asperger syndrome, [[Lenny Schafer]] argues that if every use of ''autism'' were changed to read ''Asperger syndrome'', then the movement might make sense,<ref name="Harmon"/> although the incorporation of Asperger syndrome into the autism diagnosis in the DSM-5 has been used as a counterargument by the autism rights movement.<ref>Dawson, Michelle. [http://autismcrisis.blogspot.com/2010/02/proposed-new-autism-criteria-dsm-v.html The Autism Crisis: Proposed new autism criteria: the DSM-V]. Retrieved on 2010-05-20.</ref> | |||
[[Sue Rubin]], the subject of the [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-nominated documentary ''[[Autism Is A World]]'', is an example of an autistic adult who is aligned with the cure group. In her opinion, people with Asperger syndrome can communicate well and "pass for normal", while "[[low-functioning autism|low-functioning]]" people have a severe disability; "low functioning people are just trying to get through the day without hurting, tapping, flailing, biting, screaming, etc. The thought of a gold pot of a potion with a cure really would be wonderful."<ref name="SueRubin"/> | |||
[[Jonathan Mitchell (writer)|Jonathan Mitchell]], an [[autistic]] author and blogger who advocates for a cure for autism, has described autism as having "prevented me from making a living or ever having a girlfriend. It's given me bad fine motor coordination problems where I can hardly write. I have an impaired ability to relate to people. I can't concentrate or get things done."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hamilton|first1=Jon|title=Shortage of Brain Tissue Hinders Autism Research|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/02/04/170835708/shortage-of-brain-tissue-sets-autism-research-back|website=NPR|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref> He describes neurodiversity as a "tempting escape valve".<ref name=Solomon /> | |||
== 참고문헌 == | == 참고문헌 == | ||