자폐권리운동: 두 판 사이의 차이
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=== 자폐는 장애가 아니다 === | === 자폐는 장애가 아니다 === | ||
현재 자폐는 {{출처|정신의학자들에 의해}} 국제적인 질병편람인 [[DSM]]과 [[ICD]]의 최신판 모두에서 장애로 규정돼 있으며, 이에 따라 자폐 당사자들을 사회가 돌볼 책무가 있다는 관점이 수반되는데, 이는 신경다양성 지지자들이 ' | 현재 자폐는 {{출처|정신의학자들에 의해}} 국제적인 질병편람인 [[DSM]]과 [[ICD]]의 최신판 모두에서 장애로 규정돼 있으며, 이에 따라 자폐 당사자들을 사회가 돌볼 책무가 있다는 관점이 수반되는데, 이는 신경다양성 지지자들이 자폐를 '기능상 변형'(variation in functioning)으로 정의하는 것과 대치된다. | ||
Autism is classified by psychologists as a disorder<!--for instance, in DSM and ICD-->, rather than the variation in functioning preferred by supporters of neurodiversity, with an attendant focus on the burden placed on society in caring for autistic individuals. Caring for autistic individuals has been compared to treating a patient with [[cancer]], though extended over the duration of a normal lifespan.<ref name=Bettelheim>{{cite web |authorlink=Michelle Dawson |last=Dawson |first=Michelle |title=Bettelheim's Worst Crime: Autism and the Epidemic of Irresponsibility |url=http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/md_01.html |publisher=Michelle Dawson's No Autistics Allowed |date=2003-09-09 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071031003227/http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/md_01.html| archivedate= 31 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Autistic children have also been described as being held hostage to a psychiatric disorder.<ref name=Kaufman>Kaufman, Joanne. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/business/media/14adco.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Campaign on Childhood Mental Illness Succeeds at Being Provocative]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 2007-12-14. Retrieved on 2008-02-24.</ref> [[Boyd Haley]], an [[Vaccine controversies|anti-vaccine activist]] and early promoter of the [[Thiomersal controversy|debunked claim that thimerosol causes autism]], labeled the disease as "mad child disease" (akin to [[mad cow disease]]), which some autistic individuals and their parents have found highly offensive.<ref name="Offit2010">{{cite book|author=Paul A. Offit|title=Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=er6rAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|date=2 April 2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14637-1|page=132}}</ref><ref name=Dignity>{{cite web |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/mothers_for_dignity.html |title=Petition to Defend the Dignity of Autistic Citizens |publisher=neurodiversity.com |date=July 2005 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224839/http://www.neurodiversity.com/mothers_for_dignity.html| archivedate= 27 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Margaret Somerville]], founding director of the [[McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law]], said that with activism there is a direct goal and it is sometimes necessary to sacrifice complexity and nuance to make a point, but some autistic activists don't believe desperation justifies the rhetoric.<ref name="RogerCollier"/> [[Bennett L. Leventhal]] said he understands concern about comparing autistic children to hostages but thinks the campaigns make the point that these are real diseases that will consume children if untreated.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Autistic rights activists also reject terming the reported increase in autism diagnoses as an '[[epidemic]]' since the word implies autism is a disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/mind_epidemic.html |title=The "Autism Epidemic" & Real Epidemics |date=2005-03-25 |accessdate=2008-01-04 |publisher=neurodiversity.com }}</ref> | Autism is classified by psychologists as a disorder<!--for instance, in DSM and ICD-->, rather than the variation in functioning preferred by supporters of neurodiversity, with an attendant focus on the burden placed on society in caring for autistic individuals. Caring for autistic individuals has been compared to treating a patient with [[cancer]], though extended over the duration of a normal lifespan.<ref name=Bettelheim>{{cite web |authorlink=Michelle Dawson |last=Dawson |first=Michelle |title=Bettelheim's Worst Crime: Autism and the Epidemic of Irresponsibility |url=http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/md_01.html |publisher=Michelle Dawson's No Autistics Allowed |date=2003-09-09 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071031003227/http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/md_01.html| archivedate= 31 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Autistic children have also been described as being held hostage to a psychiatric disorder.<ref name=Kaufman>Kaufman, Joanne. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/business/media/14adco.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Campaign on Childhood Mental Illness Succeeds at Being Provocative]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 2007-12-14. Retrieved on 2008-02-24.</ref> [[Boyd Haley]], an [[Vaccine controversies|anti-vaccine activist]] and early promoter of the [[Thiomersal controversy|debunked claim that thimerosol causes autism]], labeled the disease as "mad child disease" (akin to [[mad cow disease]]), which some autistic individuals and their parents have found highly offensive.<ref name="Offit2010">{{cite book|author=Paul A. Offit|title=Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=er6rAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|date=2 April 2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14637-1|page=132}}</ref><ref name=Dignity>{{cite web |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/mothers_for_dignity.html |title=Petition to Defend the Dignity of Autistic Citizens |publisher=neurodiversity.com |date=July 2005 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224839/http://www.neurodiversity.com/mothers_for_dignity.html| archivedate= 27 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Margaret Somerville]], founding director of the [[McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law]], said that with activism there is a direct goal and it is sometimes necessary to sacrifice complexity and nuance to make a point, but some autistic activists don't believe desperation justifies the rhetoric.<ref name="RogerCollier"/> [[Bennett L. Leventhal]] said he understands concern about comparing autistic children to hostages but thinks the campaigns make the point that these are real diseases that will consume children if untreated.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Autistic rights activists also reject terming the reported increase in autism diagnoses as an '[[epidemic]]' since the word implies autism is a disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/mind_epidemic.html |title=The "Autism Epidemic" & Real Epidemics |date=2005-03-25 |accessdate=2008-01-04 |publisher=neurodiversity.com }}</ref> | ||
Attempts have been made to place a figure on the financial cost of autism, addressed to both scholarly<ref>{{cite book |author1=John L R Rubenstein |author2=Moldin, Steven O. |title=Understanding autism: from basic neuroscience to treatment |publisher=Taylor & Frances |location=Boca Raton |year=2006 |isbn=0-8493-2732-6}}</ref> and popular audiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fightingautism.org/clock/index.php |title=Autism Clock |publisher=fightingautism.org |accessdate=2008-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721130952/http://fightingautism.org/clock/index.php |archivedate=2007-07-21 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> These efforts have been criticized by some autism rights advocates, who compare them to similar calculations about "persons with bad heredity" made by the [[eugenics]] movement in the early 20th century—a movement currently in disrepute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autistics.org/library/thenandnow.html |title=Then and Now: 1926, The Bad Old Days |publisher=Autistics.org |accessdate=2008-01-04| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080102005108/http://www.autistics.org/library/thenandnow.html| archivedate= 2 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Michelle Dawson]] has pointed out that no effort has been made to examine the cost of 'eliminating the disease' to autistic individuals,<ref name=burden>{{cite web |url=http://autismcrisis.blogspot.com/2007/04/autistic-persons-burden.html |last=Dawson |first=Michelle |authorlink=Michelle Dawson |accessdate=2008-01-04 |date=2007-04-03 |title=The autistic person's burden }}</ref> and she, as well as others, have also pointed out the valuable contributions autistic individuals can, and have made to society.<ref name="burden"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2147 |title=The True Meaning of Research Participation |date=2007-04-01 |last=Gernsbacher |first=MA |publisher=[[Association for Psychological Science]] |accessdate=2008-01-04 }}</ref> Dr. [[Temple Grandin]] has speculated that an autistic [[Neanderthal|caveman]] probably invented the first stone spear, and that if autism were eliminated, society would lose most of its scientists, musicians, and mathematicians.<ref name=Grandin>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrongplanet.net/article295.html|title=Interview with Temple Grandin|publisher=Wrong Planet|date=2006-01-02}}</ref><ref name=NewYork>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/news/features/47225/|title=The Autism Rights Movement|author=Andrew Solomon|publisher=New York|date=2008-05-25}}</ref> | Attempts have been made to place a figure on the financial cost of autism, addressed to both scholarly<ref>{{cite book |author1=John L R Rubenstein |author2=Moldin, Steven O. |title=Understanding autism: from basic neuroscience to treatment |publisher=Taylor & Frances |location=Boca Raton |year=2006 |isbn=0-8493-2732-6}}</ref> and popular audiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fightingautism.org/clock/index.php |title=Autism Clock |publisher=fightingautism.org |accessdate=2008-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721130952/http://fightingautism.org/clock/index.php |archivedate=2007-07-21 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> These efforts have been criticized by some autism rights advocates, who compare them to similar calculations about "persons with bad heredity" made by the [[eugenics]] movement in the early 20th century—a movement currently in disrepute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autistics.org/library/thenandnow.html |title=Then and Now: 1926, The Bad Old Days |publisher=Autistics.org |accessdate=2008-01-04| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080102005108/http://www.autistics.org/library/thenandnow.html| archivedate= 2 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Michelle Dawson]] has pointed out that no effort has been made to examine the cost of 'eliminating the disease' to autistic individuals,<ref name=burden>{{cite web |url=http://autismcrisis.blogspot.com/2007/04/autistic-persons-burden.html |last=Dawson |first=Michelle |authorlink=Michelle Dawson |accessdate=2008-01-04 |date=2007-04-03 |title=The autistic person's burden }}</ref> and she, as well as others, have also pointed out the valuable contributions autistic individuals can, and have made to society.<ref name="burden"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2147 |title=The True Meaning of Research Participation |date=2007-04-01 |last=Gernsbacher |first=MA |publisher=[[Association for Psychological Science]] |accessdate=2008-01-04 }}</ref> [[템플 그렌딘] 박사는 ] Dr. [[Temple Grandin]] has speculated that an autistic [[Neanderthal|caveman]] probably invented the first stone spear, and that if autism were eliminated, society would lose most of its scientists, musicians, and mathematicians.<ref name=Grandin>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrongplanet.net/article295.html|title=Interview with Temple Grandin|publisher=Wrong Planet|date=2006-01-02}}</ref><ref name=NewYork>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/news/features/47225/|title=The Autism Rights Movement|author=Andrew Solomon|publisher=New York|date=2008-05-25}}</ref> | ||
Some autistic activists say it is not easy to distinguish between high and low functioning.<ref name="Harmon"/> Some autistic individuals, in contrast, are supportive of the distinction between the low and high functioning labels as well as autism and Asperger syndrome, and believe it is important in helping individuals get proper consultation and treatment.<ref name=SueRubin>Rubin, Sue. [http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/presents/shows/autism.world/notebooks/sue/notebook.html Acceptance versus Cure.] CNN Programs - Presents. Retrieved on 2008-02-17.</ref> | Some autistic activists say it is not easy to distinguish between high and low functioning.<ref name="Harmon"/> Some autistic individuals, in contrast, are supportive of the distinction between the low and high functioning labels as well as autism and Asperger syndrome, and believe it is important in helping individuals get proper consultation and treatment.<ref name=SueRubin>Rubin, Sue. [http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/presents/shows/autism.world/notebooks/sue/notebook.html Acceptance versus Cure.] CNN Programs - Presents. Retrieved on 2008-02-17.</ref> | ||