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== 역사 == | == 역사 == | ||
80년대 후반, '''짐 신클레어'''(Jim Sinclair)가 자폐를 인권적 관점에서 말하면서 반치료주의를 주장하기 시작했다<ref name="Solomon"/>. 1992년, 신클레어는 "자폐성 당사자들을 위해 당사자들이 작성한" 뉴스레터를 출간하는 단체인 '''국제자폐네트워크'''(Autism Network International, ANI)을 공동창립한다. 신클레어를 펜팔 목록과 자폐 [[컨퍼런스]]를 통해 알게 된 돈나 윌리엄스(Donna Williams)와 캐시 그랜트(Kathy Grant)도 ANI의 창립에 관여했다. ANI의 뉴스레터, '''우리 목소리'''(Our Voice)의 첫 호는 1992년 11월에 온라인으로 퍼졌으며, | |||
Other individuals involved in the creation of the ANI were [[Donna Williams]] and Kathy Grant, two autistic individuals who knew Sinclair through pen pal lists and autism conferences. The first issue of the ANI newsletter, ''Our Voice'', was distributed online in November 1992, to an audience of mostly neurotypical professionals and parents of young autistic children. The number of autistics in the organization grew slowly, over the years, and it eventually became a communication network for like-minded autistics.<ref name=ANIHist>[[Jim Sinclair (activist)|Sinclair, Jim]]. [http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/History_of_ANI.html History of ANI] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126000000/http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/History_of_ANI.html |date=January 26, 2009 }}. Retrieved November 12, 2005.</ref> | |||
In 1996, a yearly retreat known as [[Autreat]] was established. Autreat is a United States retreat and conference hosted by the autism rights organization [[Autism Network International]], specifically for autistic people.<ref>[[Jim Sinclair (activist)|Sinclair, Jim]]. [http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/History_of_ANI.html History of ANI] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126000000/http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/History_of_ANI.html |date=January 26, 2009 }}. Retrieved 12 November 2005.</ref> As of 2012, Autreat has been held every year, except for 2001. | |||
In 2004, [[Michelle Dawson]] challenged [[applied behavior analysis]] (ABA) on ethical grounds. She testified in ''[[Auton (Guardian ad litem of) v. British Columbia (Attorney General)|Auton v. British Columbia]]'' against the required government funding of ABA.<ref name="RogerCollier"/> That same year ''[[The New York Times]]'' covered the autism rights perspective by publishing [[Amy Harmon]]'s article, "How about not curing us? Some autistics are pleading."<ref name=Harmon>{{cite news|last=Harmon |first=Amy |title=How About Not 'Curing' Us, Some Autistics Are Pleading |date=2004-12-20 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/20/health/20autism.html |accessdate=2007-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202073041/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/20/health/20autism.html |archivedate=December 2, 2011 |deadurl=no }}</ref> | |||
[[Aspies For Freedom]] (AFF) was founded in 2004, and established June 18 as [[Autistic Pride Day]] starting in 2005. AFF was also instrumental in initiating protests against the [[National Alliance for Autism Research]], [[Cure Autism Now]], and the [[Judge Rotenberg Center]].<ref name="Harmon"/> | |||
In 2006, the [[Autism Acceptance Project]] was founded by [[Estée Klar]], the mother of an autistic child, with help from an autistic advisory and board.<ref name="taaproject">{{cite web|url=http://www.taaproject.com/|title=TAAProject | The Autism Acceptance Project|publisher=taaproject.com|accessdate=2014-11-04}}</ref> The project affiliated with The Autistic Self Advocacy Network and other activist groups in North America and was one of the first to sign the petition against the New York Child Study Campaign. It is also recognized by ASAN in a letter to the United Nations of being one of the first autism organizations to promote autism acceptance. From 2005-8, TAAProject organized arts-based events to show the public an active autism rights movement that burgeoned online. In addition, it sponsored the controversial Joy of Autism: Redefining Ability and Quality of Life events and lectures in Toronto, featuring dozens of autistic artists and speakers including Jim Sinclair, Michelle Dawson, Phil Schwartz, Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Larry Bissonnette and more. In 2014, TAAProject worked with York University to bring non-verbal autistic self-advocates who type to communicate, Larry Bissonnette and Tracy Thresher to discuss autism and screen the film Wretches & Jabberers. Estee Klar continues her work also in Critical Disability Studies (PhD program) at York University in Toronto. | |||
In 2008, the [[Autistic Self Advocacy Network]] (ASAN) succeeded in halting two ad campaigns it stated were demeaning to autistics. The first ads were a series published by the NYU Child Study Center that appeared in the form of ransom notes. One read, "We have your son. We will make sure he will no longer be able to care for himself or interact socially as long as he lives. This is only the beginning", and was signed, "Autism".<ref name="Solomon"/> The second ads were published by [[PETA]] and featured a bowl of milk with the left over bits of cereal forming a frowning face. The text read, "Got autism?" and was meant to advertise what PETA claims is a link between autism and the [[gluten-free, casein-free diet|casein]] in milk. Phone calls, letters and petitions organized by ASAN led to the removal of these ads.<ref name="peta.org">http://www.peta.org/features/got-autism-learn-link-dairy-products-disease/ Got Autism? Learn About the Links Between Dairy Products and the Disorder] [[PETA]]. Retrieved on 2008-11-24.</ref><ref name="PETA Billboard Removal">Ne'eman, Ari. (October 2008) [http://www.autisticadvocacy.org/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=35 PETA Billboard Removal.] The Autistic Self Advocacy Network.</ref> | |||
The rise of the Internet has provided more opportunities for autistic individuals to connect and organize. Considering the geographical distance, communication and speech patterns of autistic individuals, and the domination of neurotypical professionals and family members in established autism organizations, the Internet has provided an invaluable space for members of the movement to organize and communicate.<ref name="UN"/><ref name="ANIHist"/> | |||
== 관점 == | == 관점 == | ||