자폐권리운동: 두 판 사이의 차이

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== 관점 ==
== 관점 ==
Some autistic rights activists believe some characteristics described as being autistic traits are actually misconceptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isnt.autistics.org/ |title=What is NT? |publisher=Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical |date=2002-03-18 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071017031902/http://isnt.autistics.org/| archivedate= 17 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Michelle Dawson has disputed the belief that 75% of autistic people have low intelligence.<ref name=RogerCollier>Collier, Roger. [http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/observer/story.html?id=71fae5dc-7eb5-48fd-8f60-78deebee9879&p=1 "Autism".] ''The Ottawa Citizen'' (2007-12-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-17.</ref> Psychiatrist [[Laurent Mottron]] of [[Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies]] in [[Montreal]] says that autistic people often score much higher on a nonverbal test of abstract reasoning than on a standard IQ test.<ref name=Bower>{{cite web
|author=Bower, Bruce
|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070707/fob4.asp
|title=Hidden Smarts: Abstract thought trumps IQ scores in autism
|publisher=Science News Online
|date=2007-07-07 |volume=172 |issue=1 |page=4
|accessdate=2007-11-08
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225228/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070707/fob4.asp
|archivedate=2007-10-12
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}</ref> The UK's National Autistic Society claims the proportion of autistics with intellectual disability to be between 44% and 52%, a lower figure.<ref>http://www.autism.org.uk/about/what-is/myths-facts-stats.aspx</ref>
Some autistics have claimed that non-autistics are insensitive to ''their'' perspectives, and write [[parody|parodies]] based on this, addressing what they call [[allism]] (a lack of autism) as a mental disorder characterized by lack of "theory of other minds".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hem.spray.se/erik.engdahl/autism/isnt/salanne.html |title=The Sal and Anne Test: Implications, and Theory of Mind |publisher=Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical |date= 1998-09-26|accessdate=2012-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hem.spray.se/erik.engdahl/autism/isnt/theory_of_mind.html |title=NT Theory of Mind |publisher=Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical |accessdate=2012-11-03}}</ref>
[[Jim Sinclair (activist)|Jim Sinclair]], who has also been a target of similar criticism from very early on, goes into detail about "the politics of opposition to self-advocacy".<ref name=ANIHistory>{{cite web |url=http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/History_of_ANI.html  |title=Autism Network International: The Development of a Community and its Culture |author=Sinclair, Jim |date=January 2005 |publisher=Jim Sinclair's personal website |accessdate=2007-11-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070826110842/http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/History_of_ANI.html |archivedate = 2007-08-26}}</ref>
The controversy has erupted on autism e-mail lists, where "curebie" is used as a derogatory term for parents who are portrayed as "slaves to conformity, so anxious for their children to appear normal that they cannot respect their way of communicating".<ref name="Harmon"/>  These parents respond that this attitude shows "a typical autistic lack of empathy by suggesting that they should not try to help their children". Lenny Schafer said that the autism-like lack of [[empathy]] of anti-cure activists prevent them from seeing what is in the hearts of pro-cure advocates.<ref>Schafer, Lenny. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050507231402/http://lists.envirolink.org/pipermail/sareport/Week-of-Mon-20050110/000350.html "Response to Letters: Somewhere Over the Spectrum, Part 3."] Volume 9 Number 5. (January 2005). Retrieved on 2008-01-04.</ref>


=== 자폐는 장애가 아니다 ===
=== 자폐는 장애가 아니다 ===
Autism is classified by psychologists as a disorder<!--for instance, in DSM and ICD-->, rather than the variation in functioning preferred by supporters of neurodiversity, with an attendant focus on the burden placed on society in caring for autistic individuals. Caring for autistic individuals has been compared to treating a patient with [[cancer]], though extended over the duration of a normal lifespan.<ref name=Bettelheim>{{cite web |authorlink=Michelle Dawson |last=Dawson |first=Michelle |title=Bettelheim's Worst Crime: Autism and the Epidemic of Irresponsibility |url=http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/md_01.html |publisher=Michelle Dawson's No Autistics Allowed |date=2003-09-09 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071031003227/http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/md_01.html| archivedate= 31 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Autistic children have also been described as being held hostage to a psychiatric disorder.<ref name=Kaufman>Kaufman, Joanne. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/business/media/14adco.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Campaign on Childhood Mental Illness Succeeds at Being Provocative]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 2007-12-14. Retrieved on 2008-02-24.</ref> [[Boyd Haley]], an [[Vaccine controversies|anti-vaccine activist]] and early promoter of the [[Thiomersal controversy|debunked claim that thimerosol causes autism]], labeled the disease as "mad child disease" (akin to [[mad cow disease]]), which some autistic individuals and their parents have found highly offensive.<ref name="Offit2010">{{cite book|author=Paul A. Offit|title=Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=er6rAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|date=2 April 2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14637-1|page=132}}</ref><ref name=Dignity>{{cite web |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/mothers_for_dignity.html |title=Petition to Defend the Dignity of Autistic Citizens |publisher=neurodiversity.com |date=July 2005 |accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224839/http://www.neurodiversity.com/mothers_for_dignity.html| archivedate= 27 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Margaret Somerville]], founding director of the [[McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law]], said that with activism there is a direct goal and it is sometimes necessary to sacrifice complexity and nuance to make a point, but some autistic activists don't believe desperation justifies the rhetoric.<ref name="RogerCollier"/> [[Bennett L. Leventhal]] said he understands concern about comparing autistic children to hostages but thinks the campaigns make the point that these are real diseases that will consume children if untreated.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Autistic rights activists also reject terming the reported increase in autism diagnoses as an '[[epidemic]]' since the word implies autism is a disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/mind_epidemic.html |title=The "Autism Epidemic" & Real Epidemics |date=2005-03-25 |accessdate=2008-01-04 |publisher=neurodiversity.com }}</ref>
Attempts have been made to place a figure on the financial cost of autism, addressed to both scholarly<ref>{{cite book |author1=John L R Rubenstein |author2=Moldin, Steven O. |title=Understanding autism: from basic neuroscience to treatment |publisher=Taylor & Frances |location=Boca Raton |year=2006 |isbn=0-8493-2732-6}}</ref> and popular audiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fightingautism.org/clock/index.php |title=Autism Clock |publisher=fightingautism.org |accessdate=2008-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721130952/http://fightingautism.org/clock/index.php |archivedate=2007-07-21 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> These efforts have been criticized by some autism rights advocates, who compare them to similar calculations about "persons with bad heredity" made by the [[eugenics]] movement in the early 20th century—a movement currently in disrepute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autistics.org/library/thenandnow.html |title=Then and Now: 1926, The Bad Old Days |publisher=Autistics.org |accessdate=2008-01-04| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080102005108/http://www.autistics.org/library/thenandnow.html| archivedate= 2 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>  [[Michelle Dawson]] has pointed out that no effort has been made to examine the cost of 'eliminating the disease' to autistic individuals,<ref name=burden>{{cite web |url=http://autismcrisis.blogspot.com/2007/04/autistic-persons-burden.html |last=Dawson |first=Michelle |authorlink=Michelle Dawson |accessdate=2008-01-04 |date=2007-04-03 |title=The autistic person's burden }}</ref> and she, as well as others, have also pointed out the valuable contributions autistic individuals can, and have made to society.<ref name="burden"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2147 |title=The True Meaning of Research Participation |date=2007-04-01 |last=Gernsbacher |first=MA |publisher=[[Association for Psychological Science]] |accessdate=2008-01-04 }}</ref>  Dr. [[Temple Grandin]] has speculated that an autistic [[Neanderthal|caveman]] probably invented the first stone spear, and that if autism were eliminated, society would lose most of its scientists, musicians, and mathematicians.<ref name=Grandin>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrongplanet.net/article295.html|title=Interview with Temple Grandin|publisher=Wrong Planet|date=2006-01-02}}</ref><ref name=NewYork>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/news/features/47225/|title=The Autism Rights Movement|author=Andrew Solomon|publisher=New York|date=2008-05-25}}</ref>
Some autistic activists say it is not easy to distinguish between high and low functioning.<ref name="Harmon"/> Some autistic individuals, in contrast, are supportive of the distinction between the low and high functioning labels as well as autism and Asperger syndrome, and believe it is important in helping individuals get proper consultation and treatment.<ref name=SueRubin>Rubin, Sue. [http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/presents/shows/autism.world/notebooks/sue/notebook.html Acceptance versus Cure.] CNN Programs - Presents. Retrieved on 2008-02-17.</ref>


=== 자폐 사용자에게는 고유 문화가 있다 ===
=== 자폐 사용자에게는 고유 문화가 있다 ===

2018년 4월 21일 (토) 12:56 판

자폐자조네트워크는 자폐 스펙트럼과 다양한 아이디어를 표현하기 위해 일곱 색깔의 칠각형 심볼을 사용한다.

자폐인권운동, 자폐권리운동(영어: Autism rights movement), 또는 자폐자조운동(영어: Autism Self-advocacy movement)은 자폐를 치유되어야 하는 장애라기보다 기능적 다양성으로 정의하고, 자폐 당사자들과 돌보미, 사회가 신경다양성을 가진 자폐 당사자들의 위치를 받아들이도록 하는 장애인권운동의 일부다[1]. 자폐권리운동은 자폐적인 행동을 사회가 더 많이 수용하도록 만드는 것[2], 일반신경적 동료의 행동을 따라하는 것에 초점을 둔 요법보다 자폐 당사자들이 기술을 익혀가도록 하는 요법 확립[3], 자폐 당사자가 자신의 목소리로 사회화할 수 있도록 하는 사회적 네트워크와 모임 생성[4], 자폐 커뮤니티를 소수 집단으로 인정받고자 하는[3] 등의 다양한 목표를 옹호한다.

자폐권리나 신경다양성 옹호자들은 자폐 스펙트럼은 유전적이므로 인류 염색체의 자연스러운 표현으로서 받아들여져야 한다고 믿는다. 이 관점은 자폐가 신경적 결함에 의해 일어나므로 자폐 유전자들을 통해 설명되어야 한다는 주류 관점과, 자폐가 백신이나 환경오염과 같은 환경 요인들에 의해 일어났으므로 환경 요인들을 설명하는 것으로 치료가 가능하다는 비주류 이론 모두와 분리되는 것이다.[1]

이 운동에는 몇가지 논점이 있고, 자폐를 가진 사람들이나 자폐인들과 관련된 사람들 사이에서도 운동에 대한 다양한 찬반 의견이 있다. 자폐 활동가들 중에서 제기되는 주요 비판은 주요 참가자 중에 애미 세퀜지아(Amy Sequenzia)와 같은 일반 자폐인이 있음에도 불구하고[5], 무언어 자폐인 운동 참가자 대다수가 '고기능성'이거나 아스퍼거 장애를 가지고 있으므로 모든 자폐성 당사자의 관점을 대표하지 못한다는 것이다.

역사

80년대 후반, 짐 신클레어(Jim Sinclair)가 자폐를 인권적 관점에서 말하면서 반치료주의를 주장하기 시작했다[1]. 1992년, 신클레어는 "자폐성 당사자들을 위해 당사자들이 작성한" 뉴스레터를 출간하는 단체인 국제자폐네트워크(Autism Network International, ANI)을 공동창립한다. 신클레어를 펜팔 목록과 자폐 컨퍼런스를 통해 알게 된 돈나 윌리엄스(Donna Williams)와 캐시 그랜트(Kathy Grant)도 ANI의 창립에 관여했다. ANI의 뉴스레터, 우리 목소리(Our Voice)의 첫 호는 자폐 관련 전문가와 젊은 자폐당사자의 부모들을 대상으로 1992년 11월에 온라인으로 배포되기 시작했다. 단체 내 자폐 당사자의 수는 시간이 지나며 서서히 자라나, 마침내 자폐와 비슷한 사람들을 위한 소통 내트워크가 됐다.[6] 1996년에, ANI의 주도로 미국의 자폐 당사자 대상 연간 리트리트(수련회) 어트리트(Autreat)가 생겨나, 2001년을 제외하고 2013년까지 매해 열렸다.[6]

2004년에, 미셸 다우슨(Michelle Dawson)은 행동응용분석 (ABA)의 윤리적 기반에 대해 문제를 제기했다. 그는 어톤 대 브리티시 콜롬비아주(Auton (Guardian ad litem of) v. British Columbia (Attorney General)) 사건에서 ABA의 정부 기금 요구에 대항하는 입장으로 증언했다[7]. 같은 해 뉴욕타임즈는 기자 에이미 하몬(Amy Harmon)이 자폐인권적 관점에서 작성한 기사 "치료를 멈춰줄래요? 라고 몇몇 자폐인들이 요청하다"(How about not curing us? Some autistics are pleading.)를 보도했다[8]. 또한 이 해 자유를 원하는 아스피들(Aspies For Freedom, AFF)가 생겨났으며, AFF는 다음해인 2005년부터 6월 18일을 자폐 자랑의 날(Autistic Pride Day)로 지정해 기념하기 시작했다. AFF는 또한 전국자폐연구연대(National Alliance for Autism Research), 당장 자폐를 치료하라(Cure Autism Now), 저지 로텐베르크 센터(Judge Rotenberg Center)에 대한 항의행동을 시작하는데 기여했다[8].

2006년에는 자폐 아동의 어머니인 에스테 클라르(Estée Klar)가 자폐인 조언자와 이사들의 도움을 받아 자폐 수용 프로젝트(the Autism Acceptance Project, TAAProject)를 창립했다.[9] 이 프로젝트는 자폐자조네트워크(ASAN) 및 다른 운동가 그룹들과 제휴를 맺었으며 뉴욕 어린이 교육 캠패인에 반대하는 서명운동에 처음으로 서명한 그룹 중 하나가 됐다. 이후 ASAN이 국제연합에 보낸 서한에서도 자폐 수용을 홍보한 최초의 자폐 관련 단체로서 기재되었다. 2005년 8월부터, TAAProject는

The project affiliated with The Autistic Self Advocacy Network and other activist groups in North America and was one of the first to sign the petition against the New York Child Study Campaign. It is also recognized by ASAN in a letter to the United Nations of being one of the first autism organizations to promote autism acceptance. From 2005-8, TAAProject organized arts-based events to show the public an active autism rights movement that burgeoned online. In addition, it sponsored the controversial Joy of Autism: Redefining Ability and Quality of Life events and lectures in Toronto, featuring dozens of autistic artists and speakers including Jim Sinclair, Michelle Dawson, Phil Schwartz, Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Larry Bissonnette and more. In 2014, TAAProject worked with York University to bring non-verbal autistic self-advocates who type to communicate, Larry Bissonnette and Tracy Thresher to discuss autism and screen the film Wretches & Jabberers. Estee Klar continues her work also in Critical Disability Studies (PhD program) at York University in Toronto.

2008년, 자폐자조네트워크가 자폐를 폄하하는 것으로 나타난 두개의 광고 캠패인을 멈추는데 성공했다. 첫번째 연속 광고들은 랜섬노트 형태로 뉴욕대 아동연구센터가 내보낸 것으로, 이 중 하나에는 "당신의 아들을 납치했다. 그가 사는 동안 자신을 돌볼 수 없고, 사회에서 상호작용할 수 없게 만들어주마. 이건 시작일 뿐이다"라고 되어 있고, 서명자는 "자폐증"으로 되어 있었다[1]. 두번째 광고는 PETA가 냈으며, 우유 위에 시리얼로 찡그린 얼굴을 구성한 사진 위에 "장애 있나요?"라는 글이 있었다. PETA는 이 글을

[10][11]

In 2008, the Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) succeeded in halting two ad campaigns it stated were demeaning to autistics. The first ads were a series published by the NYU Child Study Center that appeared in the form of ransom notes. One read, "We have your son. We will make sure he will no longer be able to care for himself or interact socially as long as he lives. This is only the beginning", and was signed, "Autism". The second ads were published by PETA and featured a bowl of milk with the left over bits of cereal forming a frowning face. The text read, "Got autism?" and was meant to advertise what PETA claims is a link between autism and the casein in milk. Phone calls, letters and petitions organized by ASAN led to the removal of these ads.

The rise of the Internet has provided more opportunities for autistic individuals to connect and organize. Considering the geographical distance, communication and speech patterns of autistic individuals, and the domination of neurotypical professionals and family members in established autism organizations, the Internet has provided an invaluable space for members of the movement to organize and communicate.[12][6]

관점

Some autistic rights activists believe some characteristics described as being autistic traits are actually misconceptions.[13] Michelle Dawson has disputed the belief that 75% of autistic people have low intelligence.[7] Psychiatrist Laurent Mottron of Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies in Montreal says that autistic people often score much higher on a nonverbal test of abstract reasoning than on a standard IQ test.[14] The UK's National Autistic Society claims the proportion of autistics with intellectual disability to be between 44% and 52%, a lower figure.[15]

Some autistics have claimed that non-autistics are insensitive to their perspectives, and write parodies based on this, addressing what they call allism (a lack of autism) as a mental disorder characterized by lack of "theory of other minds".[16][17]

Jim Sinclair, who has also been a target of similar criticism from very early on, goes into detail about "the politics of opposition to self-advocacy".[18]

The controversy has erupted on autism e-mail lists, where "curebie" is used as a derogatory term for parents who are portrayed as "slaves to conformity, so anxious for their children to appear normal that they cannot respect their way of communicating".[8] These parents respond that this attitude shows "a typical autistic lack of empathy by suggesting that they should not try to help their children". Lenny Schafer said that the autism-like lack of empathy of anti-cure activists prevent them from seeing what is in the hearts of pro-cure advocates.[19]

자폐는 장애가 아니다

Autism is classified by psychologists as a disorder, rather than the variation in functioning preferred by supporters of neurodiversity, with an attendant focus on the burden placed on society in caring for autistic individuals. Caring for autistic individuals has been compared to treating a patient with cancer, though extended over the duration of a normal lifespan.[20] Autistic children have also been described as being held hostage to a psychiatric disorder.[21] Boyd Haley, an anti-vaccine activist and early promoter of the debunked claim that thimerosol causes autism, labeled the disease as "mad child disease" (akin to mad cow disease), which some autistic individuals and their parents have found highly offensive.[22][23] Margaret Somerville, founding director of the McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law, said that with activism there is a direct goal and it is sometimes necessary to sacrifice complexity and nuance to make a point, but some autistic activists don't believe desperation justifies the rhetoric.[7] Bennett L. Leventhal said he understands concern about comparing autistic children to hostages but thinks the campaigns make the point that these are real diseases that will consume children if untreated.[21] Autistic rights activists also reject terming the reported increase in autism diagnoses as an 'epidemic' since the word implies autism is a disease.[24]

Attempts have been made to place a figure on the financial cost of autism, addressed to both scholarly[25] and popular audiences.[26] These efforts have been criticized by some autism rights advocates, who compare them to similar calculations about "persons with bad heredity" made by the eugenics movement in the early 20th century—a movement currently in disrepute.[27] Michelle Dawson has pointed out that no effort has been made to examine the cost of 'eliminating the disease' to autistic individuals,[28] and she, as well as others, have also pointed out the valuable contributions autistic individuals can, and have made to society.[28][29] Dr. Temple Grandin has speculated that an autistic caveman probably invented the first stone spear, and that if autism were eliminated, society would lose most of its scientists, musicians, and mathematicians.[30][31]

Some autistic activists say it is not easy to distinguish between high and low functioning.[8] Some autistic individuals, in contrast, are supportive of the distinction between the low and high functioning labels as well as autism and Asperger syndrome, and believe it is important in helping individuals get proper consultation and treatment.[32]

자폐 사용자에게는 고유 문화가 있다

자폐 당사자도 자폐와 관련된 논의에 포함되어야 한다

자폐 요법 상당수가 비윤리적이다

자폐 유전자는 제거되어서는 안 된다

자폐 '치료'라는 개념은 모욕적이다

어티즘 스픽스에 대한 보이콧

자폐권리운동 단체들

비판과 반대 움직임

참고문헌

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 (영어)Solomon, Andrew. “The autism rights movement”, 2008년 5월 25일 작성. 2008년 5월 27일에 보존된 문서. 2018년 4월 19일에 확인.
  2. ↑ (영어) Autism Acceptance Project. Mission Statement. 2018년 4월 19일에 확인.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 (영어) Declaration From the Autism Community That They Are a Minority Group. PRWeb, Press Release Newswire (2004년 11월 18일). 2018년 4월 19일에 확인.
  4. ↑ (영어) Autism Network International presents Autreat.. 2008년 5월 23일에 확인.
  5. ↑ (영어) Amy Sequenzia (2013년 1월 19일). When Autistics Grade Other Autistics. Ollibean.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 (영어) Sinclair, Jim. History of ANI. 2009년 1월 26일에 보존된 문서. 2005년 11월 12일에 확인. .
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Collier, Roger. "Autism". The Ottawa Citizen (2007-12-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-17.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 (영어)Harmon, Amy. “How About Not 'Curing' Us, Some Autistics Are Pleading”, 2004년 12월 20일 작성.
  9. ↑ (영어) TAAProject | The Autism Acceptance Project. taaproject.com. 2014년 11월 4일에 확인.
  10. ↑ (영어) PETA. Got Autism? Learn About the Links Between Dairy Products and the Disorder. 2008년 11월 24일에 확인.
  11. ↑ (영어) Ne'eman, Ari (October 2008). PETA Billboard Removal. The Autistic Self Advocacy Network.
  12. ↑ 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; UN라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다
  13. ↑ What is NT?. Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical (2002년 3월 18일). 17 October 2007에 보존된 문서. 2007년 11월 7일에 확인.
  14. ↑ Bower, Bruce (2007년 7월 7일). Hidden Smarts: Abstract thought trumps IQ scores in autism 4. Science News Online. 2007년 10월 12일에 보존된 문서. 2007년 11월 8일에 확인.
  15. ↑ http://www.autism.org.uk/about/what-is/myths-facts-stats.aspx
  16. ↑ The Sal and Anne Test: Implications, and Theory of Mind. Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical (1998년 9월 26일). 2012년 3월 21일에 확인.
  17. ↑ NT Theory of Mind. Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical. 2012년 11월 3일에 확인.
  18. ↑ Sinclair, Jim (January 2005). Autism Network International: The Development of a Community and its Culture. Jim Sinclair's personal website. 2007년 8월 26일에 보존된 문서. 2007년 11월 7일에 확인.
  19. ↑ Schafer, Lenny. "Response to Letters: Somewhere Over the Spectrum, Part 3." Volume 9 Number 5. (January 2005). Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
  20. ↑ Dawson, Michelle (2003년 9월 9일). Bettelheim's Worst Crime: Autism and the Epidemic of Irresponsibility. Michelle Dawson's No Autistics Allowed. 31 October 2007에 보존된 문서. 2007년 11월 7일에 확인.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Kaufman, Joanne. Campaign on Childhood Mental Illness Succeeds at Being Provocative. The New York Times. 2007-12-14. Retrieved on 2008-02-24.
  22. ↑ Paul A. Offit (2 April 2010). 《Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure》. Columbia University Press, 132쪽. ISBN: 978-0-231-14637-1
  23. ↑ Petition to Defend the Dignity of Autistic Citizens. neurodiversity.com (July 2005). 27 September 2007에 보존된 문서. 2007년 11월 7일에 확인.
  24. ↑ The "Autism Epidemic" & Real Epidemics. neurodiversity.com (2005년 3월 25일). 2008년 1월 4일에 확인.
  25. ↑ (2006) 《Understanding autism: from basic neuroscience to treatment》. Boca Raton: Taylor & Frances. ISBN: 0-8493-2732-6
  26. ↑ Autism Clock. fightingautism.org. 2007년 7월 21일에 보존된 문서. 2008년 1월 4일에 확인.
  27. ↑ Then and Now: 1926, The Bad Old Days. Autistics.org. 2 January 2008에 보존된 문서. 2008년 1월 4일에 확인.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Dawson, Michelle (2007년 4월 3일). The autistic person's burden. 2008년 1월 4일에 확인.
  29. ↑ {{{last{{{성1}}}}}}, {{{first{{{이름1}}}}}} (2007년 4월 1일). The True Meaning of Research Participation. Association for Psychological Science. 2008년 1월 4일에 확인.
  30. ↑ Interview with Temple Grandin. Wrong Planet (2006년 1월 2일).
  31. ↑ Andrew Solomon (2008년 5월 25일). The Autism Rights Movement. New York.
  32. ↑ Rubin, Sue. Acceptance versus Cure. CNN Programs - Presents. Retrieved on 2008-02-17.
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