게마인샤프트와 게젤샤프트: 두 판 사이의 차이
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퇴니스에 따르면, 사회적 결속은 이분법적 관점에서 개별적인 [[사회적 상호작용]], 역할, 가치와 함께 이러한 상호작용이 낳는 신념들인 게마인샤프트, 또는 간접적 상호작용, 비인격적 역할, 공적 가치와 함께 이러한 상호작용들이 낳는 신념인 게젤샤프트로 나뉠 수 있다. 특히 게젤샤프트는 현대 회사, 근대국가 및 학계 등과 같은 법인과 결부된다{{Sfn|Tönnies|1887}}. 퇴니스는 이 [[이항대립]]을 순수한 개념도구로 보았는데, 이는 막스 베버가 이 이항을 역사적 사회변화의 핵심 구성요소인 [[이념형]]으로서 보는 것과는 대조된다. | 퇴니스에 따르면, 사회적 결속은 이분법적 관점에서 개별적인 [[사회적 상호작용]], 역할, 가치와 함께 이러한 상호작용이 낳는 신념들인 게마인샤프트, 또는 간접적 상호작용, 비인격적 역할, 공적 가치와 함께 이러한 상호작용들이 낳는 신념인 게젤샤프트로 나뉠 수 있다. 특히 게젤샤프트는 현대 회사, 근대국가 및 학계 등과 같은 법인과 결부된다{{Sfn|Tönnies|1887}}. 퇴니스는 이 [[이항대립]]을 순수한 개념도구로 보았는데, 이는 막스 베버가 이 이항을 역사적 사회변화의 핵심 구성요소인 [[이념형]]으로서 보는 것과는 대조된다. | ||
퇴니스는 [[토마스 홉스]] 연구자로서, 홉스의 주요 저서인 《법의 기초》와 《[[리바이어던]]》의 표준 현대어역판을 편집했다. | 퇴니스는 [[토마스 홉스]] 연구자로서, 홉스의 주요 저서인 《법의 기초》와 《[[리바이어던]]》의 표준 현대어역판을 편집했다. 홉스에 대한 연구가 깊어지면서 퇴니스는 [[역사철학]]과 [[법철학]]에 더욱 매진하게 되었으며, 그 결과 두 개념으 홉스의 화합{{Small|concord}}과 연합{{small|union}}이라는 분류에서 도출하게 되었다는 주장이 있다<ref>{{cite book|last=Hont|first=Istvan|editor=Kapossy, Béla|editor2=Sonenscher, Michael|title=Politics in Commercial Society: Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith|date=2015|publisher=Harvard UP|location=Cambridge, MA|page=6}}</ref>. | ||
<!--Tönnies was a [[Thomas Hobbes]] scholar{{mdash}}he edited the standard modern editions of Hobbes's ''The Elements of Law''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobbes|first1=Thomas|editor1-last=Tönnies|editor1-first=Ferdinand|title=The Elements of Law Natural and Politic|date=1889|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & Co.|location=London}}</ref> and ''Leviathan''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobbes|first1=Thomas|editor1-last=Tönnies|editor1-first=Ferdinand|title=Behemoth or the Long Parliament|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028063893|date=1889|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & Co.|location=London}}</ref> It was his study of Hobbes that encouraged Tönnies to devote himself wholly to the [[philosophy of history]] and the [[philosophy of law]]. And it has been argued that he derived both categories from Hobbes's concepts of "concord" and "union". | |||
<!--Tönnies was a [[Thomas Hobbes]] scholar{{mdash}}he edited the standard modern editions of Hobbes's ''The Elements of Law''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobbes|first1=Thomas|editor1-last=Tönnies|editor1-first=Ferdinand|title=The Elements of Law Natural and Politic|date=1889|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & Co.|location=London}}</ref> and ''Leviathan''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobbes|first1=Thomas|editor1-last=Tönnies|editor1-first=Ferdinand|title=Behemoth or the Long Parliament|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028063893|date=1889|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & Co.|location=London}}</ref> It was his study of Hobbes that encouraged Tönnies to devote himself wholly to the [[philosophy of history]] and the [[philosophy of law]]. And it has been argued that he derived both categories from Hobbes's concepts of "concord" and "union". | |||
The second edition, published in 1912, of the work in which Tönnies further promoted the concepts turned out to be an unexpected but lasting success<ref>Published with a more abstract subtitle ''Basic Terms of Pure Sociology'' (In German: "Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie").</ref> after the first edition was published in 1887 with the subtitle "Treatise on Communism and Socialism as Empirical Patterns of Culture".<ref>In German: ''Abhandlung des Communismus und des Socialismus als empirischer Culturformen''</ref> Seven more German editions followed, the last in 1935,<ref>The 1935 edition was reprinted in 2005 by Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt.</ref> and it became part of the general stock of ideas with which pre-1933 German intellectuals were quite familiar. The book sparked a revival of [[Corporatism|corporatist]] thinking, including the rise of [[neo-medievalism]], the rise of support for [[guild socialism]], and caused major changes in the field of sociology.<ref name="Peter F. Klarén 1986. Pp. 221">Peter F. Klarén, Thomas J. Bossert. ''Promise of development: theories of change in Latin America''. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Westview Press, 1986. P. 221.</ref> The distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft was a large part of the discussion and debate about what constitutes community, among heavily influenced social theorists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century such as [[Georg Simmel]], [[Émile Durkheim]] and [[Max Weber]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=288}}</ref> --> | The second edition, published in 1912, of the work in which Tönnies further promoted the concepts turned out to be an unexpected but lasting success<ref>Published with a more abstract subtitle ''Basic Terms of Pure Sociology'' (In German: "Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie").</ref> after the first edition was published in 1887 with the subtitle "Treatise on Communism and Socialism as Empirical Patterns of Culture".<ref>In German: ''Abhandlung des Communismus und des Socialismus als empirischer Culturformen''</ref> Seven more German editions followed, the last in 1935,<ref>The 1935 edition was reprinted in 2005 by Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt.</ref> and it became part of the general stock of ideas with which pre-1933 German intellectuals were quite familiar. The book sparked a revival of [[Corporatism|corporatist]] thinking, including the rise of [[neo-medievalism]], the rise of support for [[guild socialism]], and caused major changes in the field of sociology.<ref name="Peter F. Klarén 1986. Pp. 221">Peter F. Klarén, Thomas J. Bossert. ''Promise of development: theories of change in Latin America''. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Westview Press, 1986. P. 221.</ref> The distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft was a large part of the discussion and debate about what constitutes community, among heavily influenced social theorists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century such as [[Georg Simmel]], [[Émile Durkheim]] and [[Max Weber]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=288}}</ref> --> | ||