자폐권리운동

자폐자조네트워크는 자폐 스펙트럼과 다양한 아이디어를 표현하기 위해 일곱 색깔의 칠각형 심볼을 사용한다.

자폐인권운동, 자폐권리운동(영어: Autism rights movement), 또는 자폐자조운동(영어: Autism Self-advocacy movement)은 자폐를 치유되어야 하는 장애라기보다 기능적 다양성으로 정의하고, 자폐 당사자들과 돌보미, 사회가 신경다양성을 가진 자폐 당사자들의 위치를 받아들이도록 하는 장애인권운동의 일부다. 자폐권리운동은 자폐적인 행동을 사회가 더 많이 수용하도록 만드는 것, 일반신경적 동료의 행동을 따라하는 것에 초점을 둔 요법보다 자폐 당사자들이 기술을 익혀가도록 하는 요법 확립, 자폐 당사자가 자신의 목소리로 사회화할 수 있도록 하는 사회적 네트워크와 모임 생성, 자폐 커뮤니티를 소수 집단으로 인정받고자 하는 등의 다양한 목표를 옹호한다.

자폐권리나 신경다양성 옹호자들은 자폐 스펙트럼은 유전적이므로 인류 염색체의 자연스러운 표현으로서 받아들여져야 한다고 믿는다. 이 관점은 자폐가 신경적 결함에 의해 일어나므로 자폐 유전자들을 통해 설명되어야 한다는 주류 관점과, 자폐가 백신이나 환경오염과 같은 환경 요인들에 의해 일어났으므로 환경 요인들을 설명하는 것으로 치료가 가능하다는 비주류 이론 모두와 분리되는 것이다.

이 운동에는 몇가지 논점이 있고, 자폐를 가진 사람들이나 자폐인들과 관련된 사람들 사이에서도 운동에 대한 다양한 찬반 의견이 있다. 자폐 활동가들 중에서 제기되는 주요 비판은 주요 참가자 중에 애미 세퀜지아(Amy Sequenzia)와 같은 일반 자폐인이 있음에도 불구하고, 무언어 자폐인 운동 참가자 대다수가 '고기능성'이거나 아스퍼거 장애를 가지고 있으므로 모든 자폐성 당사자의 관점을 대표하지 못한다는 것이다.

역사

80년대 후반, 짐 신클레어(Jim Sinclair)가 자폐를 인권적 관점에서 말하면서 반치료주의를 주장하기 시작했다. 1992년, 신클레어는 "자폐성 당사자들을 위해 당사자들이 작성한" 뉴스레터를 출간하는 단체인 국제자폐네트워크(Autism Network International, ANI)을 공동창립한다. 신클레어를 펜팔 목록과 자폐 컨퍼런스를 통해 알게 된 돈나 윌리엄스(Donna Williams)와 캐시 그랜트(Kathy Grant)도 ANI의 창립에 관여했다. ANI의 뉴스레터, 우리 목소리(Our Voice)의 첫 호는 1992년 11월에 온라인으로 퍼졌으며,

Other individuals involved in the creation of the ANI were Donna Williams and Kathy Grant, two autistic individuals who knew Sinclair through pen pal lists and autism conferences. The first issue of the ANI newsletter, Our Voice, was distributed online in November 1992, to an audience of mostly neurotypical professionals and parents of young autistic children. The number of autistics in the organization grew slowly, over the years, and it eventually became a communication network for like-minded autistics.

In 1996, a yearly retreat known as Autreat was established. Autreat is a United States retreat and conference hosted by the autism rights organization Autism Network International, specifically for autistic people. As of 2012, Autreat has been held every year, except for 2001.

In 2004, Michelle Dawson challenged applied behavior analysis (ABA) on ethical grounds. She testified in Auton v. British Columbia against the required government funding of ABA. That same year The New York Times covered the autism rights perspective by publishing Amy Harmon's article, "How about not curing us? Some autistics are pleading."

Aspies For Freedom (AFF) was founded in 2004, and established June 18 as Autistic Pride Day starting in 2005. AFF was also instrumental in initiating protests against the National Alliance for Autism Research, Cure Autism Now, and the Judge Rotenberg Center.

In 2006, the Autism Acceptance Project was founded by Estée Klar, the mother of an autistic child, with help from an autistic advisory and board. The project affiliated with The Autistic Self Advocacy Network and other activist groups in North America and was one of the first to sign the petition against the New York Child Study Campaign. It is also recognized by ASAN in a letter to the United Nations of being one of the first autism organizations to promote autism acceptance. From 2005-8, TAAProject organized arts-based events to show the public an active autism rights movement that burgeoned online. In addition, it sponsored the controversial Joy of Autism: Redefining Ability and Quality of Life events and lectures in Toronto, featuring dozens of autistic artists and speakers including Jim Sinclair, Michelle Dawson, Phil Schwartz, Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Larry Bissonnette and more. In 2014, TAAProject worked with York University to bring non-verbal autistic self-advocates who type to communicate, Larry Bissonnette and Tracy Thresher to discuss autism and screen the film Wretches & Jabberers. Estee Klar continues her work also in Critical Disability Studies (PhD program) at York University in Toronto.

In 2008, the Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) succeeded in halting two ad campaigns it stated were demeaning to autistics. The first ads were a series published by the NYU Child Study Center that appeared in the form of ransom notes. One read, "We have your son. We will make sure he will no longer be able to care for himself or interact socially as long as he lives. This is only the beginning", and was signed, "Autism". The second ads were published by PETA and featured a bowl of milk with the left over bits of cereal forming a frowning face. The text read, "Got autism?" and was meant to advertise what PETA claims is a link between autism and the casein in milk. Phone calls, letters and petitions organized by ASAN led to the removal of these ads.

The rise of the Internet has provided more opportunities for autistic individuals to connect and organize. Considering the geographical distance, communication and speech patterns of autistic individuals, and the domination of neurotypical professionals and family members in established autism organizations, the Internet has provided an invaluable space for members of the movement to organize and communicate.