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	<title>페미니스트 과학기술학 - 편집 역사</title>
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	<updated>2026-08-04T03:02:26Z</updated>
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		<title>2023년 3월 1일 (수) 13:04에 Ellif님의 편집</title>
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		<updated>2023-03-01T13:04:47Z</updated>

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&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← 이전 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2023년 3월 1일 (수) 22:04 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l15&quot;&gt;15번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;15번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;신규 이론과 방법론을 통해 과학적 지식을 습득하는 페미니스트 STS의 방식은 섹스와 젠더의 분류, 연구에서 사용되는 방식과 연관된 분야 속에서 논쟁을 일으켰다&amp;lt;!--:5--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Faulkner |first=Wendy |date=January 2001 |title=The technology question in feminism |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539500001667 |journal=Women&amp;#039;s Studies International Forum |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00166-7 |issn=0277-5395}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. SCOT 연구자인 트레버 핀치와 [[위비 바이커]]는 서로 다른 사회집단의 다양한 반응을 설명하기 위해 ‘해석적 유연성{{s|interpretive flexibility}}’을 제안하면서, 젠더를 관련 사회집단으로서 반영하고, 사회집단간의 균형적 접근이 젠더와 기술 사이의 상호구축적 관계라고 설명했다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 핀치는 기술이 인간에게 영향을 끼치는 것과 동일하게 인간이 기술에 영향을 끼치는 ‘대칭성{{s|symmetry}}’을 제안하며, 기술제품의 디자인 과정으로서의 기술사용자 연구에 대한 울가의 이전 연구가 이를 고려하지 않았다고 비판하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 그러나 이는 곧 젠더와 기술 간의 상호연관 속에서 역사적으로 지속된 권력 불균형을 무시한다는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;신규 이론과 방법론을 통해 과학적 지식을 습득하는 페미니스트 STS의 방식은 섹스와 젠더의 분류, 연구에서 사용되는 방식과 연관된 분야 속에서 논쟁을 일으켰다&amp;lt;!--:5--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Faulkner |first=Wendy |date=January 2001 |title=The technology question in feminism |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539500001667 |journal=Women&amp;#039;s Studies International Forum |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00166-7 |issn=0277-5395}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. SCOT 연구자인 트레버 핀치와 [[위비 바이커]]는 서로 다른 사회집단의 다양한 반응을 설명하기 위해 ‘해석적 유연성{{s|interpretive flexibility}}’을 제안하면서, 젠더를 관련 사회집단으로서 반영하고, 사회집단간의 균형적 접근이 젠더와 기술 사이의 상호구축적 관계라고 설명했다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 핀치는 기술이 인간에게 영향을 끼치는 것과 동일하게 인간이 기술에 영향을 끼치는 ‘대칭성{{s|symmetry}}’을 제안하며, 기술제품의 디자인 과정으로서의 기술사용자 연구에 대한 울가의 이전 연구가 이를 고려하지 않았다고 비판하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 그러나 이는 곧 젠더와 기술 간의 상호연관 속에서 역사적으로 지속된 권력 불균형을 무시한다는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[웬디 포크너]]가 곧 대칭성에 대한 주요 비판자가 되어, 과학과 기술의 관계가 [[헤게모니적 남성성]]임을 인정하면서, 대칭성의 낙관주의와 페미니즘의 특징인 비관주의의 균형을 이루는 접근방법론을 권고했으며, 이 비평은 기술 디자인과 기술문화 모두 역사적으로 남성성에 의해 전형화되어 왔다고 보며, 기술의 디자인과 사용에 있어서 여성의 특성이 필요하다는 점을 확언한 도나 헤러웨이의 [[사이보그]] 은유 또한 지지하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fa01&quot; /&amp;gt;. 포크너는 사회구성주의적 접근에서 설명되지 못한 권력불균형을 다뤘지만, 젠더 표지에 의존해  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[웬디 포크너]]가 곧 대칭성에 대한 주요 비판자가 되어, 과학과 기술의 관계가 [[헤게모니적 남성성]]임을 인정하면서, 대칭성의 낙관주의와 페미니즘의 특징인 비관주의의 균형을 이루는 접근방법론을 권고했으며, 이 비평은 기술 디자인과 기술문화 모두 역사적으로 남성성에 의해 전형화되어 왔다고 보며, 기술의 디자인과 사용에 있어서 여성의 특성이 필요하다는 점을 확언한 도나 헤러웨이의 [[사이보그]] 은유 또한 지지하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fa01&quot; /&amp;gt;. 포크너는 사회구성주의적 접근에서 설명되지 못한 권력불균형을 다뤘지만, 젠더 표지에 의존해 이원화된 성 역할과 구별된 다양한 젠더표현을 인정하는 연구영역에서 [[이성애규범성|이성애규범적]]이라는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;law08&quot; /&amp;gt; 포크너의 연구는 태어났을 때부터 남성이 남성성을, 여성이 여성성을 소유한다는 페미니스트 관점을 드러내며, 젠더가 기술에 우선하여 만들어지는 것이 아니라 같이 구축된다는 페미니스트 과학기술학자들이 주장한 젠더의 유물기호학적 본성을 거부한 것이다&amp;lt;!--:9--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;cat13&quot;&amp;gt; {{책 인용|이름=Landström|성=Catharina|title=Queering Feminist Technology Studies |date=2013-09-11 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203427415-35 |work=Women, Science, and Technology |pages=419–433 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203427415-35 |isbn=978-0-203-42741-5 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;이원화된 성 역할과 구별된 다양한 젠더표현을 인정하는 연구영역에서 [[이성애규범성|이성애규범적]]이라는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;law08&quot; /&amp;gt; 포크너의 연구는 태어났을 때부터 남성이 남성성을, 여성이 여성성을 소유한다는 페미니스트 관점을 드러내며, 젠더가 기술에 우선하여 만들어지는 것이 아니라 같이 구축된다는 페미니스트 과학기술학자들이 주장한 젠더의 유물기호학적 본성을 거부한 것이다&amp;lt;!--:9--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;cat13&quot;&amp;gt; {{책 인용|이름=Landström|성=Catharina|title=Queering Feminist Technology Studies |date=2013-09-11 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203427415-35 |work=Women, Science, and Technology |pages=419–433 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203427415-35 |isbn=978-0-203-42741-5 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;주디 와이즈먼은 1980년대 초반부터 20세기 말까지 이 학제의 연구 안에서 발생한 충돌과 협상을 언급하면서, 이러한 논쟁들이 페미니스트 STS가 발전시킨 젠더-기술간 관계의 복합적인 이해에 도움이 되었다고 말했다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. [[사이버공간]] 또한 젠더와 기술간의 상호구성주의적 연구 가능성을 제시하였는데, 페미니스트 STS가 이 두가지 모두를 분리되고 고정된 것 대신 상호연결되고 복합적인 것으로 개념화했기 때문이다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;주디 와이즈먼은 1980년대 초반부터 20세기 말까지 이 학제의 연구 안에서 발생한 충돌과 협상을 언급하면서, 이러한 논쟁들이 페미니스트 STS가 발전시킨 젠더-기술간 관계의 복합적인 이해에 도움이 되었다고 말했다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. [[사이버공간]] 또한 젠더와 기술간의 상호구성주의적 연구 가능성을 제시하였는데, 페미니스트 STS가 이 두가지 모두를 분리되고 고정된 것 대신 상호연결되고 복합적인 것으로 개념화했기 때문이다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l27&quot;&gt;27번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;26번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!--Both studies found multiple possibilities of femininity reflected in their research subjects, similar to Wendy Faulkner&amp;#039;s conclusions in her 2001 study on limitations to women&amp;#039;s participation in engineering which proposes a radical shift in culture to emphasize the necessity of women in technology development to counteract masculinity being embedded in technological [[Cultural artefact|artefact]]s by men who create them.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; As with past feminist STS research, these studies were similarly critiqued for use of binary concepts like masculinity and femininity which suggested gender existed separate from its relationship to technology, contradicting the material-semiotic stance of the field.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!--Both studies found multiple possibilities of femininity reflected in their research subjects, similar to Wendy Faulkner&amp;#039;s conclusions in her 2001 study on limitations to women&amp;#039;s participation in engineering which proposes a radical shift in culture to emphasize the necessity of women in technology development to counteract masculinity being embedded in technological [[Cultural artefact|artefact]]s by men who create them.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; As with past feminist STS research, these studies were similarly critiqued for use of binary concepts like masculinity and femininity which suggested gender existed separate from its relationship to technology, contradicting the material-semiotic stance of the field.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Continuing with the user trials conducted alongside Trevor Pinch&lt;/del&gt;, Nancy Oudshoorn &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;problematized creating technologies designed for use by everyone as different users have different needs&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:7&lt;/del&gt;&quot;&amp;gt;{{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cite journal &lt;/del&gt;|last1=Oudshoorn |first1=Nelly |last2=Rommes |first2=Els |last3=Stienstra |first3=Marcelle |date=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;January &lt;/del&gt;2004 |title=Configuring the User as Everybody: Gender and Design Cultures in Information and Communication Technologies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243903259190 |journal=Science, Technology, &amp;amp; Human Values |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=30–63 |doi=10.1177/0162243903259190 |s2cid=14181170 |issn=0162-2439}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Oudshoorn&#039;&lt;/del&gt;s &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;research explored the development of two digital cities, &lt;/del&gt;New Topia &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and DDS&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;created by development teams with intentions of being inclusive to a diverse range of users.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;/del&gt;By not considering needs of users which were impacted by identity, specifically gender, assumptions were made in the design process based on the designers gender, embedding these gendered assumptions into the technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&amp;gt; As the software engineers were male, the conclusion presented was that their products reflected masculinity,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&amp;gt; and though this acknowledges the co-construction of gender and technology, this conclusion was critiqued for reliance on binary historical concepts where gender is possessed rather than created.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Wajcman |first=Judy |title=Feminist theories of technology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |work=Handbook of Science and Technology Studies |year=1995 |pages=189–204 |place= |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |isbn=9780761924982 |access-date=14 April 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;트레버 핀치가 수행한 유저 실험에 이어서&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;낸시 오드숀{{s|&lt;/ins&gt;Nancy Oudshoorn&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}}은 서로 다른 욕구를 가진 다른 사용자들로서 모두가 사용하도록 멋지어진 기술을 만드는 것을 문제삼았다&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;오두숀의 연구&amp;lt;!--:7-&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;oud04&lt;/ins&gt;&quot;&amp;gt;{{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;저널 인용 &lt;/ins&gt;|last1=Oudshoorn |first1=Nelly |last2=Rommes |first2=Els |last3=Stienstra |first3=Marcelle |date=2004&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-01 &lt;/ins&gt;|title=Configuring the User as Everybody: Gender and Design Cultures in Information and Communication Technologies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243903259190 |journal=Science, Technology, &amp;amp; Human Values |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=30–63 |doi=10.1177/0162243903259190 |s2cid=14181170 |issn=0162-2439}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;는 다양한 범위의 사용자들을 포용하고자 하는 의도로 개발팀이 만든 디지털 도시인 뉴토피아{{&lt;/ins&gt;s&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|&lt;/ins&gt;New Topia&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}}와 DDS의 개발과정을 탐구했는데, 정체성&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;특히 젠더의 영향을 받은 사람들의 니즈를 생각하지 않아 &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;By not considering needs of users which were impacted by identity, specifically gender, assumptions were made in the design process based on the designers gender, embedding these gendered assumptions into the technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&amp;gt; As the software engineers were male, the conclusion presented was that their products reflected masculinity,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&amp;gt; and though this acknowledges the co-construction of gender and technology, this conclusion was critiqued for reliance on binary historical concepts where gender is possessed rather than created.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Wajcman |first=Judy |title=Feminist theories of technology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |work=Handbook of Science and Technology Studies |year=1995 |pages=189–204 |place= |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |isbn=9780761924982 |access-date=14 April 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gender as an interactive, social performance in feminist STS is an achievement resulting from the historical evolution of feminism from the [[postmodern]] age in the 1970s to the feminist technoscience of the digital age, the nuances of this fluid history of many feminisms presented by Judy Wajcman in 2010.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:8&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; This complex process is a significant discovery, as much of the field&amp;#039;s research prior to this point implied that all men possessed a fixed masculinity, contrasting researcher&amp;#039;s claims of rejecting binary gender descriptions in their research.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:8&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;quot;Technofeminism&amp;quot; in STS strengthened connections between feminist STS and queer studies due to this overlapping gender theory, shifting the discipline towards research which no longer relied on [[determinism]] in labelling their subjects to criticize [[gender inequality]] and power dynamics in STS.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; This shift in epistemology appeared in research through studies on [[Body hacking|biohacking]] technologies, such as [[hormone]] injection, health [[Dietary supplement|supplements]], and body implants,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Malatino |first=Hil |title=Biohacking Gender |date=2021-04-17 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003099130-20 |work=Tranimacies |pages=176–187 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003099130-20 |isbn=978-1-003-09913-0 |s2cid=243310551 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; establishing a literal connection to Haraway&amp;#039;s cyborg metaphor through physically linking bodies and machines in addition to a theoretical connection to the power these links hold to transcend the limits of the human body, specifically gender.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Haraway |first=Donna J. |title=A Cyborg Manifesto |date=2016-04-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816650477.003.0001 |work=Manifestly Haraway |pages=3–90 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |doi=10.5749/minnesota/9780816650477.003.0001 |isbn=9780816650477 |s2cid=8780351 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; --&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gender as an interactive, social performance in feminist STS is an achievement resulting from the historical evolution of feminism from the [[postmodern]] age in the 1970s to the feminist technoscience of the digital age, the nuances of this fluid history of many feminisms presented by Judy Wajcman in 2010.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:8&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; This complex process is a significant discovery, as much of the field&amp;#039;s research prior to this point implied that all men possessed a fixed masculinity, contrasting researcher&amp;#039;s claims of rejecting binary gender descriptions in their research.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:8&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;quot;Technofeminism&amp;quot; in STS strengthened connections between feminist STS and queer studies due to this overlapping gender theory, shifting the discipline towards research which no longer relied on [[determinism]] in labelling their subjects to criticize [[gender inequality]] and power dynamics in STS.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; This shift in epistemology appeared in research through studies on [[Body hacking|biohacking]] technologies, such as [[hormone]] injection, health [[Dietary supplement|supplements]], and body implants,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Malatino |first=Hil |title=Biohacking Gender |date=2021-04-17 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003099130-20 |work=Tranimacies |pages=176–187 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003099130-20 |isbn=978-1-003-09913-0 |s2cid=243310551 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; establishing a literal connection to Haraway&amp;#039;s cyborg metaphor through physically linking bodies and machines in addition to a theoretical connection to the power these links hold to transcend the limits of the human body, specifically gender.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Haraway |first=Donna J. |title=A Cyborg Manifesto |date=2016-04-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816650477.003.0001 |work=Manifestly Haraway |pages=3–90 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |doi=10.5749/minnesota/9780816650477.003.0001 |isbn=9780816650477 |s2cid=8780351 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; --&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Ellif</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
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		<title>2023년 2월 26일 (일) 14:04에 Ellif님의 편집</title>
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		<updated>2023-02-26T14:04:29Z</updated>

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&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← 이전 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2023년 2월 26일 (일) 23:04 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l24&quot;&gt;24번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;24번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;한편 [[퀴어]] 커뮤니티에서 수십년동안 이뤄진 [[신체개조]] 실천에 대한 연구는 자신의 몸을 물리적으로 변경함으로서 자신의 다양한 젠더를 드러내고 창출하는 사람들을 통해 젠더와 기술 간의 물질적 연결을 제시하며,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{책 인용 |last=Pitts |first=Victoria L. |title=Visibly Queer |date=2003 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403979438_4 |work=In the Flesh |pages=87–118 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9781403979438_4 |isbn=978-1-349-38736-6 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 더 나아가 이항적 용어 너머의 젠더에 대한 학술문헌을 수립하고, 퀴어 이론과 페미니스트 과학기술학을 연결하였다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;한편 [[퀴어]] 커뮤니티에서 수십년동안 이뤄진 [[신체개조]] 실천에 대한 연구는 자신의 몸을 물리적으로 변경함으로서 자신의 다양한 젠더를 드러내고 창출하는 사람들을 통해 젠더와 기술 간의 물질적 연결을 제시하며,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{책 인용 |last=Pitts |first=Victoria L. |title=Visibly Queer |date=2003 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403979438_4 |work=In the Flesh |pages=87–118 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9781403979438_4 |isbn=978-1-349-38736-6 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 더 나아가 이항적 용어 너머의 젠더에 대한 학술문헌을 수립하고, 퀴어 이론과 페미니스트 과학기술학을 연결하였다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;기존의 과학적 지식의 객관성에 문제를 제기하는 연구들이 생물학적 성의 서술에 사용되는 언어를 문제시하는 데 그쳤던 것에 비해&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;mar91&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Martin |first=Emily |title=The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles |date=1991 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/494680 |work=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |pages=179–189 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |권=16 |호=3|쪽=485-501 |doi=10.1086/494680 |issn=0097-9740 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 이 시대의 연구자들은 젠더기반 프레임워크를 이용한 재생성적 연구로 접근했다. 레이나 랩{{s|Rayna Rapp}}은 여성의 생산적 [[생의료화]]{{s|biomedicalization}}에 대한 영향을 다룬 연구에서 페미니스트 이데올로기를 강조하는 반면&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;mar91&quot; /&amp;gt;, 로라 마모{{s|Laura Mamo}}의 6년 후에 있었던 레즈비언 재생산에 대한 지식협상에 대한 탐구는 상황화된 지식을 강조했다&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Mamo |first=Laura |date=May 2007 |title=Negotiating Conception |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0162243906298355 |journal=Science, Technology, &amp;amp; Human Values |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=369–393 |doi=10.1177/0162243906298355 |s2cid=143853418 |issn=0162-2439}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;기존의 과학적 지식의 객관성에 문제를 제기하는 연구들이 생물학적 성의 서술에 사용되는 언어를 문제시하는 데 그쳤던 것에 비해&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;mar91&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Martin |first=Emily |title=The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles |date=1991 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/494680 |work=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |pages=179–189 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |권=16 |호=3|쪽=485-501 |doi=10.1086/494680 |issn=0097-9740 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 이 시대의 연구자들은 젠더기반 프레임워크를 이용한 재생성적 연구로 접근했다. 레이나 랩{{s|Rayna Rapp}}은 여성의 생산적 [[생의료화]]{{s|biomedicalization}}에 대한 영향을 다룬 연구에서 페미니스트 이데올로기를 강조하는 반면&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;mar91&quot; /&amp;gt;, 로라 마모{{s|Laura Mamo}}의 6년 후에 있었던 레즈비언 재생산에 대한 지식협상에 대한 탐구는 상황화된 지식을 강조했다&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Mamo |first=Laura |date=May 2007 |title=Negotiating Conception |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0162243906298355 |journal=Science, Technology, &amp;amp; Human Values |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=369–393 |doi=10.1177/0162243906298355 |s2cid=143853418 |issn=0162-2439}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;이 연구들은 여성성이 연구 주제에 반영될 다양한 가능성을 발견했으며, 웬디 포크너의 2001년 논문과 동일한 결론을 &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!--Both studies found multiple possibilities of femininity reflected in their research subjects, similar to Wendy Faulkner&#039;s conclusions in her 2001 study on limitations to women&#039;s participation in engineering which proposes a radical shift in culture to emphasize the necessity of women in technology development to counteract masculinity being embedded in technological [[Cultural artefact|artefact]]s by men who create them.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; As with past feminist STS research, these studies were similarly critiqued for use of binary concepts like masculinity and femininity which suggested gender existed separate from its relationship to technology, contradicting the material-semiotic stance of the field.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&amp;gt;   --&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!--Both studies found multiple possibilities of femininity reflected in their research subjects, similar to Wendy Faulkner&#039;s conclusions in her 2001 study on limitations to women&#039;s participation in engineering which proposes a radical shift in culture to emphasize the necessity of women in technology development to counteract masculinity being embedded in technological [[Cultural artefact|artefact]]s by men who create them.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; As with past feminist STS research, these studies were similarly critiqued for use of binary concepts like masculinity and femininity which suggested gender existed separate from its relationship to technology, contradicting the material-semiotic stance of the field.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Continuing with the user trials conducted alongside Trevor Pinch, Nancy Oudshoorn problematized creating technologies designed for use by everyone as different users have different needs.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Oudshoorn |first1=Nelly |last2=Rommes |first2=Els |last3=Stienstra |first3=Marcelle |date=January 2004 |title=Configuring the User as Everybody: Gender and Design Cultures in Information and Communication Technologies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243903259190 |journal=Science, Technology, &amp;amp; Human Values |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=30–63 |doi=10.1177/0162243903259190 |s2cid=14181170 |issn=0162-2439}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Oudshoorn&#039;s research explored the development of two digital cities, New Topia and DDS, created by development teams with intentions of being inclusive to a diverse range of users.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&amp;gt; By not considering needs of users which were impacted by identity, specifically gender, assumptions were made in the design process based on the designers gender, embedding these gendered assumptions into the technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&amp;gt; As the software engineers were male, the conclusion presented was that their products reflected masculinity,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&amp;gt; and though this acknowledges the co-construction of gender and technology, this conclusion was critiqued for reliance on binary historical concepts where gender is possessed rather than created.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Wajcman |first=Judy |title=Feminist theories of technology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |work=Handbook of Science and Technology Studies |year=1995 |pages=189–204 |place= |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |isbn=9780761924982 |access-date=14 April 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Gender as an interactive, social performance in feminist STS is an achievement resulting from the historical evolution of feminism from the [[postmodern]] age in the 1970s to the feminist technoscience of the digital age, the nuances of this fluid history of many feminisms presented by Judy Wajcman in 2010.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&amp;gt; This complex process is a significant discovery, as much of the field&#039;s research prior to this point implied that all men possessed a fixed masculinity, contrasting researcher&#039;s claims of rejecting binary gender descriptions in their research.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&amp;gt; &quot;Technofeminism&quot; in STS strengthened connections between feminist STS and queer studies due to this overlapping gender theory, shifting the discipline towards research which no longer relied on [[determinism]] in labelling their subjects to criticize [[gender inequality]] and power dynamics in STS.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&amp;gt; This shift in epistemology appeared in research through studies on [[Body hacking|biohacking]] technologies, such as [[hormone]] injection, health [[Dietary supplement|supplements]], and body implants,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Malatino |first=Hil |title=Biohacking Gender |date=2021-04-17 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003099130-20 |work=Tranimacies |pages=176–187 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003099130-20 |isbn=978-1-003-09913-0 |s2cid=243310551 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; establishing a literal connection to Haraway&#039;s cyborg metaphor through physically linking bodies and machines in addition to a theoretical connection to the power these links hold to transcend the limits of the human body, specifically gender.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Haraway |first=Donna J. |title=A Cyborg Manifesto |date=2016-04-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816650477.003.0001 |work=Manifestly Haraway |pages=3–90 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |doi=10.5749/minnesota/9780816650477.003.0001 |isbn=9780816650477 |s2cid=8780351 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;--&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 핵심개념 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 핵심개념 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l42&quot;&gt;42번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;46번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 참고문헌 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 참고문헌 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* {{책 인용|저자=[[주디 와이즈먼]]|제목=[[테크노페미니즘]]|출판사=[[궁리]]|날짜=2009|ISBN=978-89-5820-174-8|ref=CITEREF와이즈먼2009}}, 원전: {{책 인용|성=Wajcman|이름=Judy|제목=TechnoFeminism|출판사=Polity press|ISBN=0-7456-3043-X|날짜=2004}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* {{책 인용|저자=[[주디 와이즈먼]]|제목=[[테크노페미니즘]]|출판사=[[궁리]]|날짜=2009|ISBN=978-89-5820-174-8|ref=CITEREF와이즈먼2009}}, 원전: {{책 인용|성=Wajcman|이름=Judy|제목=TechnoFeminism|출판사=Polity press|ISBN=0-7456-3043-X|날짜=2004}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{번역|Feminist science and technology studies}}&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:분야별 페미니즘]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:분야별 페미니즘]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:과학기술연구]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:과학기술연구]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Ellif</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
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		<title>2023년 2월 26일 (일) 03:56에 Ellif님의 편집</title>
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		<updated>2023-02-26T03:56:22Z</updated>

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&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← 이전 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2023년 2월 26일 (일) 12:56 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l22&quot;&gt;22번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;22번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===2000년대 이후 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===2000년대 이후 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;새즈믄해에 들어서면서 학제 구성 이후 20년 동안 구축된 페미니스트 STS 기존 연구 문헌에 기반해, 업데이트된 체계에 기반한 원칙들을 채택한 연구들이 등장했다. 여기에는 엘렌 반 오스트{{S|Ellen van Oost}}의 젠더가 전기면도기를 구성한 방식에 대한 연구&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Oost |first=Ellen van |title=Aligning Gender and New Technology: The Case of Early Administrative Automation |장=6 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110810721.179 |work=Getting New Technologies Together |year=1998 |place=Berlin, Boston |publisher=DE GRUYTER |doi=10.1515/9783110810721.179 |isbn=9783110810721 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 룻 슈와르츠 코완{{S|Ruth Schwartz Cowan}}의 여성 노동양을 늘리는 기술혁신에 대한 연구&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{책 인용 |last=Cowan |first=Ruth Schwartz |title=The &amp;quot;Industrial Revolution&amp;quot; in the Home |date=2018-03-09 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315180472-7 |work=The Routledge Companion to Modernity Space and Gender |pages=69–85 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.1201/9781315180472-7 |isbn=978-1-315-18047-2 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 제니퍼 피시맨{{S|Jennifer R. Fishman}}의 제약기술이 예상 소비자를 부기능자로서 결정지을 가능성에 대한 탐색&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Fishman |first=Jennifer R. |date=2004-04 |title=Manufacturing Desire |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=187–218 |doi=10.1177/0306312704043028 |pmid=15295831 |s2cid=28476868 |issn=0306-3127|doi-access=free }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;이 포함된다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;새즈믄해에 들어서면서 학제 구성 이후 20년 동안 구축된 페미니스트 STS 기존 연구 문헌에 기반해, 업데이트된 체계에 기반한 원칙들을 채택한 연구들이 등장했다. 여기에는 엘렌 반 오스트{{S|Ellen van Oost}}의 젠더가 전기면도기를 구성한 방식에 대한 연구&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Oost |first=Ellen van |title=Aligning Gender and New Technology: The Case of Early Administrative Automation |장=6 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110810721.179 |work=Getting New Technologies Together |year=1998 |place=Berlin, Boston |publisher=DE GRUYTER |doi=10.1515/9783110810721.179 |isbn=9783110810721 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 룻 슈와르츠 코완{{S|Ruth Schwartz Cowan}}의 여성 노동양을 늘리는 기술혁신에 대한 연구&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{책 인용 |last=Cowan |first=Ruth Schwartz |title=The &amp;quot;Industrial Revolution&amp;quot; in the Home |date=2018-03-09 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315180472-7 |work=The Routledge Companion to Modernity Space and Gender |pages=69–85 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.1201/9781315180472-7 |isbn=978-1-315-18047-2 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 제니퍼 피시맨{{S|Jennifer R. Fishman}}의 제약기술이 예상 소비자를 부기능자로서 결정지을 가능성에 대한 탐색&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Fishman |first=Jennifer R. |date=2004-04 |title=Manufacturing Desire |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=187–218 |doi=10.1177/0306312704043028 |pmid=15295831 |s2cid=28476868 |issn=0306-3127|doi-access=free }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;이 포함된다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!-- Research regarding decades of &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;body modification&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;practices in &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;queer&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;communities introduced material connections between gender and technology through individuals who represented and created diverse genders for themselves through physical alteration of their bodies&lt;/del&gt;,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Citation &lt;/del&gt;|last=Pitts |first=Victoria L. |title=Visibly Queer |date=2003 |url=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;http&lt;/del&gt;://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dx&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;org&lt;/del&gt;/10.1057/9781403979438_4 |work=In the Flesh |pages=87–118 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9781403979438_4 |isbn=978-1-349-38736-6 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;further establishing academic literature on gender beyond binary terminology and connecting queer theory to feminist STS&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;한편 &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;퀴어&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;커뮤니티에서 수십년동안 이뤄진 &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;신체개조&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;실천에 대한 연구는 자신의 몸을 물리적으로 변경함으로서 자신의 다양한 젠더를 드러내고 창출하는 사람들을 통해 젠더와 기술 간의 물질적 연결을 제시하며&lt;/ins&gt;,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;책 인용 &lt;/ins&gt;|last=Pitts |first=Victoria L. |title=Visibly Queer |date=2003 |url=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;https&lt;/ins&gt;://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;link&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;springer&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;com/chapter&lt;/ins&gt;/10.1057/9781403979438_4 |work=In the Flesh |pages=87–118 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9781403979438_4 |isbn=978-1-349-38736-6 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, 더 나아가 이항적 용어 너머의 젠더에 대한 학술문헌을 수립하고, 퀴어 이론과 페미니스트 과학기술학을 연결하였다&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Compared to past studies which were restricted to questioning the objectivity of scientific knowledge through the language used in descriptions of biological sex,&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Martin 179–189&lt;/del&gt;&quot;&amp;gt;{{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Citation &lt;/del&gt;|last=Martin |first=Emily |title=The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles |date=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;2017-09-25 &lt;/del&gt;|url=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;http&lt;/del&gt;://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dx&lt;/del&gt;.doi&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.org&lt;/del&gt;/10.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;4324&lt;/del&gt;/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;9781315094106-22 &lt;/del&gt;|work=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Feminist Theory &lt;/del&gt;and &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the Body &lt;/del&gt;|pages=179–189 |publisher=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Routledge &lt;/del&gt;|doi=10.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;4324&lt;/del&gt;/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;9781315094106-22 &lt;/del&gt;|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;isbn&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;978&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1-315-09410-6 &lt;/del&gt;|access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;researchers approached reproductive studies through a gender-based framework&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/del&gt;Rayna Rapp&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] emphasizing feminist &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ideology&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in her study of the impact of reproductive &lt;/del&gt;biomedicalization &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on women,&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Martin 179–189&lt;/del&gt;&quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;while &lt;/del&gt;Laura Mamo&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;s exploration of knowledge negotiation in [[lesbian]] reproduction six years later emphasized situated knowledges.&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cite journal &lt;/del&gt;|last=Mamo |first=Laura |date=May 2007 |title=Negotiating Conception |url=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;http&lt;/del&gt;://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dx&lt;/del&gt;.doi&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.org&lt;/del&gt;/10.1177/0162243906298355 |journal=Science, Technology, &amp;amp; Human Values |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=369–393 |doi=10.1177/0162243906298355 |s2cid=143853418 |issn=0162-2439}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Both studies found multiple possibilities of femininity reflected in their research subjects, similar to Wendy Faulkner&#039;s conclusions in her 2001 study on limitations to women&#039;s participation in engineering which proposes a radical shift in culture to emphasize the necessity of women in technology development to counteract masculinity being embedded in technological [[Cultural artefact|artefact]]s by men who create them.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; As with past feminist STS research, these studies were similarly critiqued for use of binary concepts like masculinity and femininity which suggested gender existed separate from its relationship to technology, contradicting the material-semiotic stance of the field.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&amp;gt;   --&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;기존의 과학적 지식의 객관성에 문제를 제기하는 연구들이 생물학적 성의 서술에 사용되는 언어를 문제시하는 데 그쳤던 것에 비해&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mar91&lt;/ins&gt;&quot;&amp;gt;{{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;저널 인용&lt;/ins&gt;|last=Martin |first=Emily |title=The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles |date=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1991 &lt;/ins&gt;|url=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;https&lt;/ins&gt;://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;www.journals.uchicago&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;edu/&lt;/ins&gt;doi&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;/abs&lt;/ins&gt;/10.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1086&lt;/ins&gt;/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;494680 &lt;/ins&gt;|work=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Signs: Journal of Women in Culture &lt;/ins&gt;and &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Society &lt;/ins&gt;|pages=179–189 |publisher=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The University of Chicago Press |권=16 |호=3|쪽=485-501 &lt;/ins&gt;|doi=10.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1086&lt;/ins&gt;/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;494680 &lt;/ins&gt;|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;issn&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;0097&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;9740 &lt;/ins&gt;|access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;이 시대의 연구자들은 젠더기반 프레임워크를 이용한 재생성적 연구로 접근했다. 레이나 랩{{s|&lt;/ins&gt;Rayna Rapp&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}}은 여성의 생산적 &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;생의료화&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{s|&lt;/ins&gt;biomedicalization&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}}에 대한 영향을 다룬 연구에서 페미니스트 이데올로기를 강조하는 반면&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mar91&lt;/ins&gt;&quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, 로라 마모{{s|&lt;/ins&gt;Laura Mamo&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}}의 6년 후에 있었던 레즈비언 재생산에 대한 지식협상에 대한 탐구는 상황화된 지식을 강조했다&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;저널 인용&lt;/ins&gt;|last=Mamo |first=Laura |date=May 2007 |title=Negotiating Conception |url=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;https&lt;/ins&gt;://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;journals&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sagepub.com/&lt;/ins&gt;doi/10.1177/0162243906298355 |journal=Science, Technology, &amp;amp; Human Values |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=369–393 |doi=10.1177/0162243906298355 |s2cid=143853418 |issn=0162-2439}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!--&lt;/ins&gt;Both studies found multiple possibilities of femininity reflected in their research subjects, similar to Wendy Faulkner&#039;s conclusions in her 2001 study on limitations to women&#039;s participation in engineering which proposes a radical shift in culture to emphasize the necessity of women in technology development to counteract masculinity being embedded in technological [[Cultural artefact|artefact]]s by men who create them.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; As with past feminist STS research, these studies were similarly critiqued for use of binary concepts like masculinity and femininity which suggested gender existed separate from its relationship to technology, contradicting the material-semiotic stance of the field.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&amp;gt;   --&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 핵심개념 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 핵심개념 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ellif</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
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		<title>2023년 2월 23일 (목) 06:17에 Ellif님의 편집</title>
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		<updated>2023-02-23T06:17:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← 이전 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2023년 2월 23일 (목) 15:17 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l21&quot;&gt;21번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;21번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===2000년대 이후 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===2000년대 이후 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;새즈믄해 들어 &lt;/del&gt;학제 구성 이후 20년 동안 구축된 페미니스트 STS 기존 연구 문헌에 기반해, 업데이트된 체계에 기반한 원칙들을 채택한 연구들이 등장했다. 여기에는 엘렌 반 오스트{{S|Ellen van Oost}}의 젠더가 전기면도기를 구성한 방식에 대한 연구&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Oost |first=Ellen van |title=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Chapter 6. &lt;/del&gt;Aligning Gender and New Technology: The Case of Early Administrative Automation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110810721.179 |work=Getting New Technologies Together |year=1998 |place=Berlin, Boston |publisher=DE GRUYTER |doi=10.1515/9783110810721.179 |isbn=9783110810721 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 룻 슈와르츠 코완{{S|Ruth Schwartz Cowan}}의 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;여성노동을 &lt;/del&gt;늘리는 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;기술 혁신에 &lt;/del&gt;대한 연구&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Citation &lt;/del&gt;|last=Cowan |first=Ruth Schwartz |title=The &quot;Industrial Revolution&quot; in the Home |date=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;9 March &lt;/del&gt;2018 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315180472-7 |work=The Routledge Companion to Modernity Space and Gender |pages=69–85 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.1201/9781315180472-7 |isbn=978-1-315-18047-2 |access-date=14 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;April 2022&lt;/del&gt;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;,  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;새즈믄해에 들어서면서 &lt;/ins&gt;학제 구성 이후 20년 동안 구축된 페미니스트 STS 기존 연구 문헌에 기반해, 업데이트된 체계에 기반한 원칙들을 채택한 연구들이 등장했다. 여기에는 엘렌 반 오스트{{S|Ellen van Oost}}의 젠더가 전기면도기를 구성한 방식에 대한 연구&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Oost |first=Ellen van |title=Aligning Gender and New Technology: The Case of Early Administrative Automation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|장=6 &lt;/ins&gt;|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110810721.179 |work=Getting New Technologies Together |year=1998 |place=Berlin, Boston |publisher=DE GRUYTER |doi=10.1515/9783110810721.179 |isbn=9783110810721 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 룻 슈와르츠 코완{{S|Ruth Schwartz Cowan}}의 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;여성 노동양을 &lt;/ins&gt;늘리는 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;기술혁신에 &lt;/ins&gt;대한 연구&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;책 인용 &lt;/ins&gt;|last=Cowan |first=Ruth Schwartz |title=The &quot;Industrial Revolution&quot; in the Home |date=2018&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-03-09 &lt;/ins&gt;|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315180472-7 |work=The Routledge Companion to Modernity Space and Gender |pages=69–85 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.1201/9781315180472-7 |isbn=978-1-315-18047-2 |access-date=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;2022-04-&lt;/ins&gt;14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;제니퍼 피시맨{{S|&lt;/ins&gt;Jennifer R. Fishman&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}}의 제약기술이 예상 소비자를 부기능자로서 결정지을 가능성에 대한 탐색&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;저널 인용 &lt;/ins&gt;|last=Fishman |first=Jennifer R. |date=2004&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-04 &lt;/ins&gt;|title=Manufacturing Desire |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=187–218 |doi=10.1177/0306312704043028 |pmid=15295831 |s2cid=28476868 |issn=0306-3127|doi-access=free }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;이 포함된다.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!--Building upon prior research from two decades of feminist STS literature, studies adopted principles based on updated frameworks at the turn of the millennium, such as [[Ellen van Oost]]&#039;s research into how gender becomes configured into electric shavers, [[Ruth Schwartz Cowan]]&#039;s study on technological innovation increasing women&#039;s labor, and &lt;/del&gt;Jennifer R. Fishman&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;s exploration of pharmaceutical technology&#039;s potential to designate potential consumers as dysfunctional.&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cite journal &lt;/del&gt;|last=Fishman |first=Jennifer R. |date=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;April &lt;/del&gt;2004 |title=Manufacturing Desire |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=187–218 |doi=10.1177/0306312704043028 |pmid=15295831 |s2cid=28476868 |issn=0306-3127|doi-access=free }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Research regarding decades of [[body modification]] practices in [[queer]] communities introduced material connections between gender and technology through individuals who represented and created diverse genders for themselves through physical alteration of their bodies,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Pitts |first=Victoria L. |title=Visibly Queer |date=2003 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979438_4 |work=In the Flesh |pages=87–118 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9781403979438_4 |isbn=978-1-349-38736-6 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; further establishing academic literature on gender beyond binary terminology and connecting queer theory to feminist STS. --&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!-- &lt;/ins&gt;Research regarding decades of [[body modification]] practices in [[queer]] communities introduced material connections between gender and technology through individuals who represented and created diverse genders for themselves through physical alteration of their bodies,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Pitts |first=Victoria L. |title=Visibly Queer |date=2003 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979438_4 |work=In the Flesh |pages=87–118 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9781403979438_4 |isbn=978-1-349-38736-6 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; further establishing academic literature on gender beyond binary terminology and connecting queer theory to feminist STS.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Compared to past studies which were restricted to questioning the objectivity of scientific knowledge through the language used in descriptions of biological sex,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Martin 179–189&quot;&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Martin |first=Emily |title=The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles |date=2017-09-25 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315094106-22 |work=Feminist Theory and the Body |pages=179–189 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315094106-22 |isbn=978-1-315-09410-6 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; researchers approached reproductive studies through a gender-based framework, [[Rayna Rapp]] emphasizing feminist [[ideology]] in her study of the impact of reproductive biomedicalization on women,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Martin 179–189&quot;/&amp;gt; while Laura Mamo&#039;s exploration of knowledge negotiation in [[lesbian]] reproduction six years later emphasized situated knowledges.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mamo |first=Laura |date=May 2007 |title=Negotiating Conception |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243906298355 |journal=Science, Technology, &amp;amp; Human Values |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=369–393 |doi=10.1177/0162243906298355 |s2cid=143853418 |issn=0162-2439}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Both studies found multiple possibilities of femininity reflected in their research subjects, similar to Wendy Faulkner&#039;s conclusions in her 2001 study on limitations to women&#039;s participation in engineering which proposes a radical shift in culture to emphasize the necessity of women in technology development to counteract masculinity being embedded in technological [[Cultural artefact|artefact]]s by men who create them.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; As with past feminist STS research, these studies were similarly critiqued for use of binary concepts like masculinity and femininity which suggested gender existed separate from its relationship to technology, contradicting the material-semiotic stance of the field.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&amp;gt;   &lt;/ins&gt;--&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 핵심개념 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 핵심개념 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l30&quot;&gt;30번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;32번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== 상황화된 지식 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== 상황화된 지식 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{본문|상황화된 지식}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{본문|상황화된 지식}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;상황화된 지식&#039;&#039;&#039;은 주체의 관점에서 생성된 지식으로서, 주체에 대해 기록된 지식과 대조된다&amp;lt;!--:10--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;har88&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Haraway |first=Donna |title=Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective |journal=Feminist Studies |date=1988-09 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=575–599 |doi=10.2307/3178066 |jstor=3178066 |s2cid=39794636 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0046-3663%28198823%2914%3A3%3C575%3ASKTSQI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M |access-date=2022-04-16}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 페미니스트 STS는 주변화된 현실에 대한 지식, 즉 [[종속된 지식]]{{s|subjugated knowledges}}에 의존해 과학적 설명에 의한 이해 너머의 현실을 탐사하고자 한다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;har88&quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== 사회적 구성주의 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== 사회적 구성주의 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ellif</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.1if.in/index.php?title=%ED%8E%98%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0%ED%95%99&amp;diff=7079&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>2023년 2월 23일 (목) 06:00에 Ellif님의 편집</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.1if.in/index.php?title=%ED%8E%98%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0%ED%95%99&amp;diff=7079&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-02-23T06:00:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← 이전 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2023년 2월 23일 (목) 15:00 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l9&quot;&gt;9번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;9번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;페미니스트 STS는 1980년대 페미니즘 이론이 [[과학기술연구]]에 도입되면서 생겨났으며 1985년 발표된 [[도나 헤러웨이]]의 〈[[사이보그 매니페스토]]〉에도 큰 영향을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 이 학제는 객관성 및 기술결정주의에 대한 비판에 대한 대응으로서 [[기술의 사회구성]]{{s|Social construction of technology, SCOT}} 및 [[행위자-연결망 이론]]{{s|Actor-network theory, ANT}}와 함께 저명성을 얻게 되었다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;페미니스트 STS는 1980년대 페미니즘 이론이 [[과학기술연구]]에 도입되면서 생겨났으며 1985년 발표된 [[도나 헤러웨이]]의 〈[[사이보그 매니페스토]]〉에도 큰 영향을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 이 학제는 객관성 및 기술결정주의에 대한 비판에 대한 대응으로서 [[기술의 사회구성]]{{s|Social construction of technology, SCOT}} 및 [[행위자-연결망 이론]]{{s|Actor-network theory, ANT}}와 함께 저명성을 얻게 되었다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;초기 페미니스트 STS 문헌들은 다른 방식으로 기술과 상호작용하는 남성과 여성, 즉 젠더에 따른 기술사용 방식 차이를 분석하기 위해 [[사례분석]] 방법론을 사용했으며, 주요 문헌으로는 거주시설의 전화기에 대한 [[클라우드 피셔]]{{s|Claude S. Fischer}}의 연구&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fis88&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Fischer |first=Claude S. |date=1988 |title=Gender and the residential telephone, 1890—1940: Technologies of sociability |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/684365 |journal=Sociological Forum |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=211–233 |doi=10.1007/bf01115291 |s2cid=143901327 |issn=0884-8971}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;나 신시아 쿡번, 수잔 옴로드의 [[전자레인지]]에 대한 연구, 아델 클라크와 테레사 몬티니의 [[낙태약]] 기술 RU486에 대한 대립장{{s|arena}} 분석&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ct93&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last1=Clarke |first1=Adele |last2=Montini |first2=Theresa |날짜=1993-01 |title=The Many Faces of RU486: Tales of Situated Knowledges and Technological Contestations |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016224399301800104 |journal=Science, Technology, &amp;amp; Human Values |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=42–78 |doi=10.1177/016224399301800104 |pmid=11652075 |s2cid=37831193 |issn=0162-2439}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;이 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa00&quot; /&amp;gt;. 이러한 연구들은 사회적 상호작용 속에서 남성성이나 여성성에 따라 기술과 결합되는 방식을 구축했다는 점에서 중요했다. 연구들은 남성성과 여성성을 구분짓는 방식이 이항적 구축물이 아닌 다층적임을 보여줬을 뿐만이 아니라 상황화된 지식의 증거, 즉 중립적 주체나 연구자가 존재하지 않는다는 생각의 근거를 제시하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ct93&quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;초기 페미니스트 STS 문헌들은 다른 방식으로 기술과 상호작용하는 남성과 여성, 즉 젠더에 따른 기술사용 방식 차이를 분석하기 위해 [[사례분석]] 방법론을 사용했으며, 주요 문헌으로는 거주시설의 전화기에 대한 [[클라우드 피셔]]{{s|Claude S. Fischer}}의 연구&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fis88&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Fischer |first=Claude S. |date=1988 |title=Gender and the residential telephone, 1890—1940: Technologies of sociability |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/684365 |journal=Sociological Forum |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=211–233 |doi=10.1007/bf01115291 |s2cid=143901327 |issn=0884-8971}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;나 신시아 쿡번, 수잔 옴로드의 [[전자레인지]]에 대한 연구, 아델 클라크와 테레사 몬티니의 [[낙태약]] 기술 RU486에 대한 대립장{{s|arena}} 분석&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!--:3--&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ct93&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last1=Clarke |first1=Adele |last2=Montini |first2=Theresa |날짜=1993-01 |title=The Many Faces of RU486: Tales of Situated Knowledges and Technological Contestations |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016224399301800104 |journal=Science, Technology, &amp;amp; Human Values |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=42–78 |doi=10.1177/016224399301800104 |pmid=11652075 |s2cid=37831193 |issn=0162-2439}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;이 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa00&quot; /&amp;gt;. 이러한 연구들은 사회적 상호작용 속에서 남성성이나 여성성에 따라 기술과 결합되는 방식을 구축했다는 점에서 중요했다. 연구들은 남성성과 여성성을 구분짓는 방식이 이항적 구축물이 아닌 다층적임을 보여줬을 뿐만이 아니라 상황화된 지식의 증거, 즉 중립적 주체나 연구자가 존재하지 않는다는 생각의 근거를 제시하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ct93&quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;이후 1990년대 초반 페미니스트 STS 연구들은 ANT 연구방법론을 차용해 과학의 지배적인 권위에 문제를 제기하는 데까지 나아갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. SCOT 이론과 방법론 또한 [[주디 와이즈먼]]{{s|Judy Wajcman}}의 [[엔지니어링]] 문화에 대한 연구 등과 같이 [[사회구성주의]] 원칙을 채택해 연구자들이 젠더가 기술에 첨부{{s|embed}}되는 절차를 탐색하기 시작하면서 이 학제에 결합되었다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 한편 [[트레버 핀치]]나 [[낸시 오숀]]같은 다른 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 기술이 예상되는 사용자들에게 멋지어지는{{s|designed}} 방식에 대한 [[스티브 울가]]의 연구&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wo90&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolgar |first=Steve |date=May 1990 |title=Configuring the User: The Case of Usability Trials |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |journal=The Sociological Review |volume=38 |issue=1_suppl |pages=58–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |s2cid=145786443 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:6--&amp;gt;의 영향을 받아 연구를 2000년대까지 이어갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;이후 1990년대 초반 페미니스트 STS 연구들은 ANT 연구방법론을 차용해 과학의 지배적인 권위에 문제를 제기하는 데까지 나아갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. SCOT 이론과 방법론 또한 [[주디 와이즈먼]]{{s|Judy Wajcman}}의 [[엔지니어링]] 문화에 대한 연구 등과 같이 [[사회구성주의]] 원칙을 채택해 연구자들이 젠더가 기술에 첨부{{s|embed}}되는 절차를 탐색하기 시작하면서 이 학제에 결합되었다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 한편 [[트레버 핀치]]나 [[낸시 오숀]]같은 다른 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 기술이 예상되는 사용자들에게 멋지어지는{{s|designed}} 방식에 대한 [[스티브 울가]]의 연구&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wo90&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolgar |first=Steve |date=May 1990 |title=Configuring the User: The Case of Usability Trials |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |journal=The Sociological Review |volume=38 |issue=1_suppl |pages=58–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |s2cid=145786443 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:6--&amp;gt;의 영향을 받아 연구를 2000년대까지 이어갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l15&quot;&gt;15번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;15번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;신규 이론과 방법론을 통해 과학적 지식을 습득하는 페미니스트 STS의 방식은 섹스와 젠더의 분류, 연구에서 사용되는 방식과 연관된 분야 속에서 논쟁을 일으켰다&amp;lt;!--:5--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Faulkner |first=Wendy |date=January 2001 |title=The technology question in feminism |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539500001667 |journal=Women&amp;#039;s Studies International Forum |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00166-7 |issn=0277-5395}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. SCOT 연구자인 트레버 핀치와 [[위비 바이커]]는 서로 다른 사회집단의 다양한 반응을 설명하기 위해 ‘해석적 유연성{{s|interpretive flexibility}}’을 제안하면서, 젠더를 관련 사회집단으로서 반영하고, 사회집단간의 균형적 접근이 젠더와 기술 사이의 상호구축적 관계라고 설명했다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 핀치는 기술이 인간에게 영향을 끼치는 것과 동일하게 인간이 기술에 영향을 끼치는 ‘대칭성{{s|symmetry}}’을 제안하며, 기술제품의 디자인 과정으로서의 기술사용자 연구에 대한 울가의 이전 연구가 이를 고려하지 않았다고 비판하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 그러나 이는 곧 젠더와 기술 간의 상호연관 속에서 역사적으로 지속된 권력 불균형을 무시한다는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;신규 이론과 방법론을 통해 과학적 지식을 습득하는 페미니스트 STS의 방식은 섹스와 젠더의 분류, 연구에서 사용되는 방식과 연관된 분야 속에서 논쟁을 일으켰다&amp;lt;!--:5--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Faulkner |first=Wendy |date=January 2001 |title=The technology question in feminism |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539500001667 |journal=Women&amp;#039;s Studies International Forum |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00166-7 |issn=0277-5395}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. SCOT 연구자인 트레버 핀치와 [[위비 바이커]]는 서로 다른 사회집단의 다양한 반응을 설명하기 위해 ‘해석적 유연성{{s|interpretive flexibility}}’을 제안하면서, 젠더를 관련 사회집단으로서 반영하고, 사회집단간의 균형적 접근이 젠더와 기술 사이의 상호구축적 관계라고 설명했다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 핀치는 기술이 인간에게 영향을 끼치는 것과 동일하게 인간이 기술에 영향을 끼치는 ‘대칭성{{s|symmetry}}’을 제안하며, 기술제품의 디자인 과정으로서의 기술사용자 연구에 대한 울가의 이전 연구가 이를 고려하지 않았다고 비판하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 그러나 이는 곧 젠더와 기술 간의 상호연관 속에서 역사적으로 지속된 권력 불균형을 무시한다는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[웬디 포크너]]가 곧 대칭성에 대한 주요 비판자가 되어, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;대칭성이 나타낸 낙관적 접근 페미니즘의 특징인  &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[웬디 포크너]]가 곧 대칭성에 대한 주요 비판자가 되어, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;과학과 기술의 관계가 &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;헤게모니적 남성성&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;임을 인정하면서, 대칭성의 낙관주의와 페미니즘의 특징인 비관주의의 균형을 이루는 접근방법론을 권고했으며&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;이 비평은 기술 디자인과 기술문화 모두 역사적으로 남성성에 의해 전형화되어 왔다고 보며&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;기술의 디자인과 사용에 있어서 여성의 특성이 필요하다는 점을 확언한 도나 헤러웨이의 &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;사이보그&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;은유 또한 지지하였다&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fa01&lt;/ins&gt;&quot; /&amp;gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;포크너는 사회구성주의적 접근에서 설명되지 못한 권력불균형을 다뤘지만&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;젠더 표지에 의존해 &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!-- &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Wendy Faulkner&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;became a notable critic of symmetry&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;encouraging an approach balancing symmetry&#039;s optimism with feminism&#039;s characteristic pessimism&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which recognizes science and technology&#039;s relationship to &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;hegemonic masculinity&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:5&lt;/del&gt;&quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This critique endorsed a return of the discipline to Donna Haraway&#039;s metaphor of the [[cyborg]] to assert women&#039;s presence in both technology design and technological cultures historically stereotyped as masculine, affirming the necessity of feminine characteristics in both design and use of technology&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner addressed power imbalances not addressed by the social-constructivist approach&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but the reliance on gendered labels was criticized for &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;heteronormativity&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;within a field which had recognized multiple gender representations distinct from binary sex roles.&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:0&lt;/del&gt;&quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Faulkner&#039;s research presented a feminist perspective in which men inherently possessed masculinity&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and women femininity&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;neglecting the material&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;semiotic nature of gender and technology adopted by feminist STS scholars proposing gender as co&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;created alongside, not prior&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to, technology.&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:9&lt;/del&gt;&quot;&amp;gt;Landström&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/del&gt;Catharina &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{Citation &lt;/del&gt;|title=Queering Feminist Technology Studies |date=11 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;September 2013 &lt;/del&gt;|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203427415-35 |work=Women, Science, and Technology |pages=419–433 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203427415-35 |isbn=978-0-203-42741-5 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;이원화된 성 역할과 구별된 다양한 젠더표현을 인정하는 연구영역에서 &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;이성애규범성|이성애규범적&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;이라는 비판을 받았다&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;law08&lt;/ins&gt;&quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;포크너의 연구는 태어났을 때부터 남성이 남성성을&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;여성이 여성성을 소유한다는 페미니스트 관점을 드러내며&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;젠더가 기술에 우선하여 만들어지는 것이 아니라 같이 구축된다는 페미니스트 과학기술학자들이 주장한 젠더의 유물기호학적 본성을 거부한 것이다&amp;lt;!-&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:9&lt;/ins&gt;--&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cat13&lt;/ins&gt;&quot;&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{책 인용|이름=&lt;/ins&gt;Landström&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|성=&lt;/ins&gt;Catharina|title=Queering Feminist Technology Studies |date=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;2013-09-&lt;/ins&gt;11 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203427415-35 |work=Women, Science, and Technology |pages=419–433 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203427415-35 |isbn=978-0-203-42741-5 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Judy Wajcman commented on the conflict and negotiation occurring within the discipline&#039;s research from the early 1980s until the turn of the century&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;crediting these debates for the complex understanding of gender&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;technology relationships developed by feminist STS.&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:3&lt;/del&gt;&quot; /&amp;gt; [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cyberspace&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;introduced new possibilities for research into the co-construction of gender and technology&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;both of which were no longer conceptualized by feminist STS as separate and fixed, but interconnected and multiple.&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:3&lt;/del&gt;&quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;--&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;주디 와이즈먼은 1980년대 초반부터 20세기 말까지 이 학제의 연구 안에서 발생한 충돌과 협상을 언급하면서&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;이러한 논쟁들이 페미니스트 STS가 발전시킨 젠더&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;기술간 관계의 복합적인 이해에 도움이 되었다고 말했다&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ct93&lt;/ins&gt;&quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;사이버공간&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;또한 젠더와 기술간의 상호구성주의적 연구 가능성을 제시하였는데&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;페미니스트 STS가 이 두가지 모두를 분리되고 고정된 것 대신 상호연결되고 복합적인 것으로 개념화했기 때문이다&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ct93&lt;/ins&gt;&quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===2000년대 이후 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===2000년대 이후 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;새즈믄해 들어 학제 구성 이후 20년 동안 구축된 페미니스트 STS 기존 연구 문헌에 기반해, 업데이트된 체계에 기반한 원칙들을 채택한 연구들이 등장했다. 여기에는 엘렌 반 오스트{{S|Ellen van Oost}}의 젠더가 전기면도기를 구성한 방식에 대한 연구&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Oost |first=Ellen van |title=Chapter 6. Aligning Gender and New Technology: The Case of Early Administrative Automation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110810721.179 |work=Getting New Technologies Together |year=1998 |place=Berlin, Boston |publisher=DE GRUYTER |doi=10.1515/9783110810721.179 |isbn=9783110810721 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, 룻 슈와르츠 코완{{S|Ruth Schwartz Cowan}}의 여성노동을 늘리는 기술 혁신에 대한 연구&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Cowan |first=Ruth Schwartz |title=The &quot;Industrial Revolution&quot; in the Home |date=9 March 2018 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315180472-7 |work=The Routledge Companion to Modernity Space and Gender |pages=69–85 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.1201/9781315180472-7 |isbn=978-1-315-18047-2 |access-date=14 April 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!--Building upon prior research from two decades of feminist STS literature, studies adopted principles based on updated frameworks at the turn of the millennium, such as [[Ellen van Oost]]&#039;s research into how gender becomes configured into electric shavers, [[Ruth Schwartz Cowan]]&#039;s study on technological innovation increasing women&#039;s labor, and Jennifer R. Fishman&#039;s exploration of pharmaceutical technology&#039;s potential to designate potential consumers as dysfunctional.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fishman |first=Jennifer R. |date=April 2004 |title=Manufacturing Desire |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=187–218 |doi=10.1177/0306312704043028 |pmid=15295831 |s2cid=28476868 |issn=0306-3127|doi-access=free }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Research regarding decades of [[body modification]] practices in [[queer]] communities introduced material connections between gender and technology through individuals who represented and created diverse genders for themselves through physical alteration of their bodies,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation |last=Pitts |first=Victoria L. |title=Visibly Queer |date=2003 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979438_4 |work=In the Flesh |pages=87–118 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9781403979438_4 |isbn=978-1-349-38736-6 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; further establishing academic literature on gender beyond binary terminology and connecting queer theory to feminist STS. --&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 핵심개념 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 핵심개념 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== 유물기호론 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== 유물기호론 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;유물기호론&#039;&#039;&#039;{{s|Material-semiotic theory}}는 사회가 물질과 별개로 존재하지 않는다는 상대주의 이론으로서, 페미니스트 STS에서 인간과 기술 간의 상호구성관계를 서술하기 위해 사용되었다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;law08&quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== 상황화된 지식 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== 상황화된 지식 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{본문|상황화된 지식}}&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== 사회적 구성주의 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== 사회적 구성주의 ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l30&quot;&gt;30번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;38번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 참고문헌 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 참고문헌 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* {{책 인용|저자=[[주디 와이즈먼]]|제목=[[테크노페미니즘]]|출판사=[[궁리]]|날짜=2009|ISBN=978-89-5820-174-8|ref=CITEREF와이즈먼2009}}, 원전:{{책 인용|성=Wajcman|이름=Judy|제목=TechnoFeminism|출판사=Polity press|ISBN=0-7456-3043-X|날짜=2004}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* {{책 인용|저자=[[주디 와이즈먼]]|제목=[[테크노페미니즘]]|출판사=[[궁리]]|날짜=2009|ISBN=978-89-5820-174-8|ref=CITEREF와이즈먼2009}}, 원전: {{책 인용|성=Wajcman|이름=Judy|제목=TechnoFeminism|출판사=Polity press|ISBN=0-7456-3043-X|날짜=2004}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:분야별 페미니즘]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:분야별 페미니즘]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:과학기술연구]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:과학기술연구]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ellif</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
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		<title>2023년 2월 18일 (토) 03:29에 Ellif님의 편집</title>
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		<updated>2023-02-18T03:29:52Z</updated>

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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← 이전 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2023년 2월 18일 (토) 12:29 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l15&quot;&gt;15번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;15번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;신규 이론과 방법론을 통해 과학적 지식을 습득하는 페미니스트 STS의 방식은 섹스와 젠더의 분류, 연구에서 사용되는 방식과 연관된 분야 속에서 논쟁을 일으켰다&amp;lt;!--:5--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Faulkner |first=Wendy |date=January 2001 |title=The technology question in feminism |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539500001667 |journal=Women&amp;#039;s Studies International Forum |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00166-7 |issn=0277-5395}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. SCOT 연구자인 트레버 핀치와 [[위비 바이커]]는 서로 다른 사회집단의 다양한 반응을 설명하기 위해 ‘해석적 유연성{{s|interpretive flexibility}}’을 제안하면서, 젠더를 관련 사회집단으로서 반영하고, 사회집단간의 균형적 접근이 젠더와 기술 사이의 상호구축적 관계라고 설명했다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 핀치는 기술이 인간에게 영향을 끼치는 것과 동일하게 인간이 기술에 영향을 끼치는 ‘대칭성{{s|symmetry}}’을 제안하며, 기술제품의 디자인 과정으로서의 기술사용자 연구에 대한 울가의 이전 연구가 이를 고려하지 않았다고 비판하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 그러나 이는 곧 젠더와 기술 간의 상호연관 속에서 역사적으로 지속된 권력 불균형을 무시한다는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;신규 이론과 방법론을 통해 과학적 지식을 습득하는 페미니스트 STS의 방식은 섹스와 젠더의 분류, 연구에서 사용되는 방식과 연관된 분야 속에서 논쟁을 일으켰다&amp;lt;!--:5--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Faulkner |first=Wendy |date=January 2001 |title=The technology question in feminism |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539500001667 |journal=Women&amp;#039;s Studies International Forum |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00166-7 |issn=0277-5395}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. SCOT 연구자인 트레버 핀치와 [[위비 바이커]]는 서로 다른 사회집단의 다양한 반응을 설명하기 위해 ‘해석적 유연성{{s|interpretive flexibility}}’을 제안하면서, 젠더를 관련 사회집단으로서 반영하고, 사회집단간의 균형적 접근이 젠더와 기술 사이의 상호구축적 관계라고 설명했다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 핀치는 기술이 인간에게 영향을 끼치는 것과 동일하게 인간이 기술에 영향을 끼치는 ‘대칭성{{s|symmetry}}’을 제안하며, 기술제품의 디자인 과정으로서의 기술사용자 연구에 대한 울가의 이전 연구가 이를 고려하지 않았다고 비판하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 그러나 이는 곧 젠더와 기술 간의 상호연관 속에서 역사적으로 지속된 권력 불균형을 무시한다는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fa01&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[웬디 포크너]]가 곧 대칭성에 대한 주요 비판자가 되어, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[웬디 포크너]]가 곧 대칭성에 대한 주요 비판자가 되어, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;대칭성이 나타낸 낙관적 접근 페미니즘의 특징인  &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- [[Wendy Faulkner]] became a notable critic of symmetry, encouraging an approach balancing symmetry&amp;#039;s optimism with feminism&amp;#039;s characteristic pessimism, which recognizes science and technology&amp;#039;s relationship to [[hegemonic masculinity]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; This critique endorsed a return of the discipline to Donna Haraway&amp;#039;s metaphor of the [[cyborg]] to assert women&amp;#039;s presence in both technology design and technological cultures historically stereotyped as masculine, affirming the necessity of feminine characteristics in both design and use of technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner addressed power imbalances not addressed by the social-constructivist approach, but the reliance on gendered labels was criticized for [[heteronormativity]] within a field which had recognized multiple gender representations distinct from binary sex roles.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner&amp;#039;s research presented a feminist perspective in which men inherently possessed masculinity, and women femininity, neglecting the material-semiotic nature of gender and technology adopted by feminist STS scholars proposing gender as co-created alongside, not prior-to, technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Landström, Catharina {{Citation |title=Queering Feminist Technology Studies |date=11 September 2013 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203427415-35 |work=Women, Science, and Technology |pages=419–433 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203427415-35 |isbn=978-0-203-42741-5 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- [[Wendy Faulkner]] became a notable critic of symmetry, encouraging an approach balancing symmetry&amp;#039;s optimism with feminism&amp;#039;s characteristic pessimism, which recognizes science and technology&amp;#039;s relationship to [[hegemonic masculinity]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; This critique endorsed a return of the discipline to Donna Haraway&amp;#039;s metaphor of the [[cyborg]] to assert women&amp;#039;s presence in both technology design and technological cultures historically stereotyped as masculine, affirming the necessity of feminine characteristics in both design and use of technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner addressed power imbalances not addressed by the social-constructivist approach, but the reliance on gendered labels was criticized for [[heteronormativity]] within a field which had recognized multiple gender representations distinct from binary sex roles.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner&amp;#039;s research presented a feminist perspective in which men inherently possessed masculinity, and women femininity, neglecting the material-semiotic nature of gender and technology adopted by feminist STS scholars proposing gender as co-created alongside, not prior-to, technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Landström, Catharina {{Citation |title=Queering Feminist Technology Studies |date=11 September 2013 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203427415-35 |work=Women, Science, and Technology |pages=419–433 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203427415-35 |isbn=978-0-203-42741-5 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Ellif</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.1if.in/index.php?title=%ED%8E%98%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0%ED%95%99&amp;diff=7062&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>2023년 2월 5일 (일) 05:34에 Ellif님의 편집</title>
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		<updated>2023-02-05T05:34:36Z</updated>

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&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← 이전 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2023년 2월 5일 (일) 14:34 판&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l13&quot;&gt;13번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;13번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;이후 1990년대 초반 페미니스트 STS 연구들은 ANT 연구방법론을 차용해 과학의 지배적인 권위에 문제를 제기하는 데까지 나아갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. SCOT 이론과 방법론 또한 [[주디 와이즈먼]]{{s|Judy Wajcman}}의 [[엔지니어링]] 문화에 대한 연구 등과 같이 [[사회구성주의]] 원칙을 채택해 연구자들이 젠더가 기술에 첨부{{s|embed}}되는 절차를 탐색하기 시작하면서 이 학제에 결합되었다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 한편 [[트레버 핀치]]나 [[낸시 오숀]]같은 다른 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 기술이 예상되는 사용자들에게 멋지어지는{{s|designed}} 방식에 대한 [[스티브 울가]]의 연구&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wo90&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolgar |first=Steve |date=May 1990 |title=Configuring the User: The Case of Usability Trials |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |journal=The Sociological Review |volume=38 |issue=1_suppl |pages=58–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |s2cid=145786443 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:6--&amp;gt;의 영향을 받아 연구를 2000년대까지 이어갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;이후 1990년대 초반 페미니스트 STS 연구들은 ANT 연구방법론을 차용해 과학의 지배적인 권위에 문제를 제기하는 데까지 나아갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. SCOT 이론과 방법론 또한 [[주디 와이즈먼]]{{s|Judy Wajcman}}의 [[엔지니어링]] 문화에 대한 연구 등과 같이 [[사회구성주의]] 원칙을 채택해 연구자들이 젠더가 기술에 첨부{{s|embed}}되는 절차를 탐색하기 시작하면서 이 학제에 결합되었다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 한편 [[트레버 핀치]]나 [[낸시 오숀]]같은 다른 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 기술이 예상되는 사용자들에게 멋지어지는{{s|designed}} 방식에 대한 [[스티브 울가]]의 연구&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wo90&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolgar |first=Steve |date=May 1990 |title=Configuring the User: The Case of Usability Trials |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |journal=The Sociological Review |volume=38 |issue=1_suppl |pages=58–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |s2cid=145786443 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:6--&amp;gt;의 영향을 받아 연구를 2000년대까지 이어갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;신규 이론과 방법론을 통해 과학적 지식을 습득하는 페미니스트 STS의 방식은 섹스와 젠더의 분류, 연구에서 사용되는 방식과 연관된 분야 속에서 논쟁을 일으켰다&amp;lt;!--:5--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fa01&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Faulkner |first=Wendy |date=January 2001 |title=The technology question in feminism |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539500001667 |journal=Women&#039;s Studies International Forum |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00166-7 |issn=0277-5395}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. SCOT 연구자인 트레버 핀치와 [[위비 바이커]]는 서로 다른 사회집단의 다양한 반응을 설명하기 위해 ‘해석적 유연성{{s|interpretive flexibility}}’을 제안하면서, 젠더를 관련 사회집단으로서 반영하고, 사회집단간의 균형적 접근이 젠더와 기술 사이의 상호구축적 관계라고 설명했다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;opi05&quot; /&amp;gt;. 그러나 이는 곧 젠더와 기술 간의 상호연관 속에서 역사적으로 지속된 권력 불균형을 무시한다는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fa01&quot;/&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;신규 이론과 방법론을 통해 과학적 지식을 습득하는 페미니스트 STS의 방식은 섹스와 젠더의 분류, 연구에서 사용되는 방식과 연관된 분야 속에서 논쟁을 일으켰다&amp;lt;!--:5--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fa01&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Faulkner |first=Wendy |date=January 2001 |title=The technology question in feminism |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539500001667 |journal=Women&#039;s Studies International Forum |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00166-7 |issn=0277-5395}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. SCOT 연구자인 트레버 핀치와 [[위비 바이커]]는 서로 다른 사회집단의 다양한 반응을 설명하기 위해 ‘해석적 유연성{{s|interpretive flexibility}}’을 제안하면서, 젠더를 관련 사회집단으로서 반영하고, 사회집단간의 균형적 접근이 젠더와 기술 사이의 상호구축적 관계라고 설명했다&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;opi05&quot; /&amp;gt;. 핀치는 기술이 인간에게 영향을 끼치는 것과 동일하게 인간이 기술에 영향을 끼치는 ‘대칭성{{s|symmetry}}’을 제안하며, 기술제품의 디자인 과정으로서의 기술사용자 연구에 대한 울가의 이전 연구가 이를 고려하지 않았다고 비판하였다&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;opi05&quot; /&amp;gt;. 그러나 이는 곧 젠더와 기술 간의 상호연관 속에서 역사적으로 지속된 권력 불균형을 무시한다는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fa01&quot;/&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[웬디 포크너]]가 곧 대칭성에 대한 주요 비판자가 되어,   &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- [[Wendy Faulkner]] became a notable critic of symmetry, encouraging an approach balancing symmetry&amp;#039;s optimism with feminism&amp;#039;s characteristic pessimism, which recognizes science and technology&amp;#039;s relationship to [[hegemonic masculinity]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; This critique endorsed a return of the discipline to Donna Haraway&amp;#039;s metaphor of the [[cyborg]] to assert women&amp;#039;s presence in both technology design and technological cultures historically stereotyped as masculine, affirming the necessity of feminine characteristics in both design and use of technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner addressed power imbalances not addressed by the social-constructivist approach, but the reliance on gendered labels was criticized for [[heteronormativity]] within a field which had recognized multiple gender representations distinct from binary sex roles.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner&amp;#039;s research presented a feminist perspective in which men inherently possessed masculinity, and women femininity, neglecting the material-semiotic nature of gender and technology adopted by feminist STS scholars proposing gender as co-created alongside, not prior-to, technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Landström, Catharina {{Citation |title=Queering Feminist Technology Studies |date=11 September 2013 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203427415-35 |work=Women, Science, and Technology |pages=419–433 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203427415-35 |isbn=978-0-203-42741-5 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- [[Wendy Faulkner]] became a notable critic of symmetry, encouraging an approach balancing symmetry&amp;#039;s optimism with feminism&amp;#039;s characteristic pessimism, which recognizes science and technology&amp;#039;s relationship to [[hegemonic masculinity]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; This critique endorsed a return of the discipline to Donna Haraway&amp;#039;s metaphor of the [[cyborg]] to assert women&amp;#039;s presence in both technology design and technological cultures historically stereotyped as masculine, affirming the necessity of feminine characteristics in both design and use of technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner addressed power imbalances not addressed by the social-constructivist approach, but the reliance on gendered labels was criticized for [[heteronormativity]] within a field which had recognized multiple gender representations distinct from binary sex roles.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner&amp;#039;s research presented a feminist perspective in which men inherently possessed masculinity, and women femininity, neglecting the material-semiotic nature of gender and technology adopted by feminist STS scholars proposing gender as co-created alongside, not prior-to, technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Landström, Catharina {{Citation |title=Queering Feminist Technology Studies |date=11 September 2013 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203427415-35 |work=Women, Science, and Technology |pages=419–433 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203427415-35 |isbn=978-0-203-42741-5 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Ellif</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
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		<title>2023년 1월 26일 (목) 07:25에 Ellif님의 편집</title>
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		<updated>2023-01-26T07:25:05Z</updated>

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				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;1번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;1번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;페미니스트 과학기술학&#039;&#039;&#039;({{llang|en|Feminist science and technology studies}}, &#039;&#039;&#039;페미니스트 STS&#039;&#039;&#039;)은 [[과학기술연구]](STS)의 이론적 하위 분야로서 젠더가 과학과 기술과 상호작용하는 방식을 탐사한다. 1980년대 초반 [[기술결정주의]]이 팽배한 데 반대한 STS 상대주의 이론들과 함께 형성되었다. 현실이 고정되어 있기보다 복합적이라고 보며, 과학적 [[객관성]]을 넘어선 [[상황화된 지식]]을 추구한다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;law08&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Law |first=John |date=2008-11 |title=On Sociology and STS |journal=The Sociological Review |출판사=Sage |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=623–649 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00808.x |s2cid=149088374 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:0--&amp;gt;. 2000년대에 들어서 저명학자들이 과학지식, 기술의 디자인과 사용에 대한 페미니스트 비평을 생성하면서 페미니스트 STS에서 유물-기호 이론이 젠더와 기술의 관계에 대한 복합적인 이해를 나타내기 위해 등장하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa00&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Wajcman |first=Judy |date=2000-06 |title=Reflections on Gender and Technology Studies |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030631200030003005 |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=447–464 |doi=10.1177/030631200030003005 |s2cid=145345073 |issn=0306-3127}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 인터넷의 급속한 보급 가운데 [[페미스트 기술과학]]과 [[퀴어이론]]의 원칙이 결합되면서 연구영역{{s|field}}의 프레임워크가 확장됨에 따라, 젠더와 기술 간의 상호구성적 관계는 21세기 초 이항적 젠더역할에 대한 페미니스트 STS의 거부에 기여하였다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;페미니스트 과학기술학&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{Sfn|와이즈먼|2009}}&lt;/ins&gt;({{llang|en|Feminist science and technology studies}}, &#039;&#039;&#039;페미니스트 STS&#039;&#039;&#039;)은 [[과학기술연구]](STS)의 이론적 하위 분야로서 젠더가 과학과 기술과 상호작용하는 방식을 탐사한다. 1980년대 초반 [[기술결정주의]]이 팽배한 데 반대한 STS 상대주의 이론들과 함께 형성되었다. 현실이 고정되어 있기보다 복합적이라고 보며, 과학적 [[객관성]]을 넘어선 [[상황화된 지식]]을 추구한다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;law08&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Law |first=John |date=2008-11 |title=On Sociology and STS |journal=The Sociological Review |출판사=Sage |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=623–649 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00808.x |s2cid=149088374 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:0--&amp;gt;. 2000년대에 들어서 저명학자들이 과학지식, 기술의 디자인과 사용에 대한 페미니스트 비평을 생성하면서 페미니스트 STS에서 유물-기호 이론이 젠더와 기술의 관계에 대한 복합적인 이해를 나타내기 위해 등장하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa00&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Wajcman |first=Judy |date=2000-06 |title=Reflections on Gender and Technology Studies |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030631200030003005 |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=447–464 |doi=10.1177/030631200030003005 |s2cid=145345073 |issn=0306-3127}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 인터넷의 급속한 보급 가운데 [[페미스트 기술과학]]과 [[퀴어이론]]의 원칙이 결합되면서 연구영역{{s|field}}의 프레임워크가 확장됨에 따라, 젠더와 기술 간의 상호구성적 관계는 21세기 초 이항적 젠더역할에 대한 페미니스트 STS의 거부에 기여하였다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;지금까지 연구자들이 탐사해 온 연구영역에는 젠더가 생성하거나 비인간 행위자와 상호작용하는 개인이나 집단이 만드는 [[정책]] 개발, [[재생산]], [[약학]], 소비자 제품 디자인 및 사용, [[엔지니어링]] 문화가 포함된다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:4--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|editor1-last=Oudshoorn |editor1-first=Nelly |editor2-last=Pinch |editor2-first=Trevor |title=How USERS matter: The co-construction of users and technologies |date=2005 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass., U.S. |isbn=978-0-262-65109-7 |chapter=Introduction: How users and non-users matter |volume=1-25 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/3592.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://eusp.org/sites/default/files/archive/stories/library/Exhibitions/0061087.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 이러한 공동구축 관계가 젠더·기술·과학이 이들에 의한 상호작용보다 앞서 존재할 수 없다는 점을 강조한다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa95&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Wajcman |first=Judy |title=Handbook of Science and Technology Studies |날짜=1995 |pages=189–204 |place= |publisher=SAGE |장=Feminist theories of technology |doi=10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |isbn=978-0-7619-2498-2 |access-date=2022-04-11}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 이 유물-기호 프레임워크는 페미니스트 STS 연구자들간의 수십년 동안의 내부적 협상 절차를 통해 구축되었으나, 이전의 STS 연구물들이 보여준 이항적 젠더실천 이해는 고정되어 있지 않고, 다층적이며 유연한 젠더에 대한 필드의 관점을 반영하기 위한 세밀한 비평을 겪고 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa95&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;지금까지 연구자들이 탐사해 온 연구영역에는 젠더가 생성하거나 비인간 행위자와 상호작용하는 개인이나 집단이 만드는 [[정책]] 개발, [[재생산]], [[약학]], 소비자 제품 디자인 및 사용, [[엔지니어링]] 문화가 포함된다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:4--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|editor1-last=Oudshoorn |editor1-first=Nelly |editor2-last=Pinch |editor2-first=Trevor |title=How USERS matter: The co-construction of users and technologies |date=2005 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass., U.S. |isbn=978-0-262-65109-7 |chapter=Introduction: How users and non-users matter |volume=1-25 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/3592.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://eusp.org/sites/default/files/archive/stories/library/Exhibitions/0061087.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 이러한 공동구축 관계가 젠더·기술·과학이 이들에 의한 상호작용보다 앞서 존재할 수 없다는 점을 강조한다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa95&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Wajcman |first=Judy |title=Handbook of Science and Technology Studies |날짜=1995 |pages=189–204 |place= |publisher=SAGE |장=Feminist theories of technology |doi=10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |isbn=978-0-7619-2498-2 |access-date=2022-04-11}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 이 유물-기호 프레임워크는 페미니스트 STS 연구자들간의 수십년 동안의 내부적 협상 절차를 통해 구축되었으나, 이전의 STS 연구물들이 보여준 이항적 젠더실천 이해는 고정되어 있지 않고, 다층적이며 유연한 젠더에 대한 필드의 관점을 반영하기 위한 세밀한 비평을 겪고 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa95&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l27&quot;&gt;27번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;27번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 주 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== 주 ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{reflist|}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{reflist|}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== 참고문헌 ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* {{책 인용|저자=[[주디 와이즈먼]]|제목=[[테크노페미니즘]]|출판사=[[궁리]]|날짜=2009|ISBN=978-89-5820-174-8|ref=CITEREF와이즈먼2009}}, 원전:{{책 인용|성=Wajcman|이름=Judy|제목=TechnoFeminism|출판사=Polity press|ISBN=0-7456-3043-X|날짜=2004}}&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:분야별 페미니즘]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:분야별 페미니즘]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:과학기술연구]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[분류:과학기술연구]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Ellif</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
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		<title>2023년 1월 22일 (일) 05:09에 Ellif님의 편집</title>
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		<updated>2023-01-22T05:09:26Z</updated>

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				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;1번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;1번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;페미니스트 과학기술학&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;({{llang|en|Feminist science and technology studies}}, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;페미니스트 STS&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)은 [[과학기술연구]](STS)의 이론적 하위 분야로서 젠더가 과학과 기술과 상호작용하는 방식을 탐사한다. 1980년대 초반 [[기술결정주의]]이 팽배한 데 반대한 STS 상대주의 이론들과 함께 형성되었다. 현실이 고정되어 있기보다 복합적이라고 보며, 과학적 [[객관성]]을 넘어선 [[상황화된 지식]]을 추구한다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Law |first=John |date=2008-11 |title=On Sociology and STS |journal=The Sociological Review |출판사=Sage |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=623–649 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00808.x |s2cid=149088374 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:0--&amp;gt;. 2000년대에 들어서 저명학자들이 과학지식, 기술의 디자인과 사용에 대한 페미니스트 비평을 생성하면서 페미니스트 STS에서 유물-기호 이론이 젠더와 기술의 관계에 대한 복합적인 이해를 나타내기 위해 등장하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa00&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Wajcman |first=Judy |date=2000-06 |title=Reflections on Gender and Technology Studies |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030631200030003005 |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=447–464 |doi=10.1177/030631200030003005 |s2cid=145345073 |issn=0306-3127}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 인터넷의 급속한 보급 가운데 [[페미스트 기술과학]]과 [[퀴어이론]]의 원칙이 결합되면서 연구영역{{s|field}}의 프레임워크가 확장됨에 따라, 젠더와 기술 간의 상호구성적 관계는 21세기 초 이항적 젠더역할에 대한 페미니스트 STS의 거부에 기여하였다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;페미니스트 과학기술학&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;({{llang|en|Feminist science and technology studies}}, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;페미니스트 STS&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)은 [[과학기술연구]](STS)의 이론적 하위 분야로서 젠더가 과학과 기술과 상호작용하는 방식을 탐사한다. 1980년대 초반 [[기술결정주의]]이 팽배한 데 반대한 STS 상대주의 이론들과 함께 형성되었다. 현실이 고정되어 있기보다 복합적이라고 보며, 과학적 [[객관성]]을 넘어선 [[상황화된 지식]]을 추구한다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Law |first=John |date=2008-11 |title=On Sociology and STS |journal=The Sociological Review |출판사=Sage |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=623–649 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00808.x |s2cid=149088374 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:0--&amp;gt;. 2000년대에 들어서 저명학자들이 과학지식, 기술의 디자인과 사용에 대한 페미니스트 비평을 생성하면서 페미니스트 STS에서 유물-기호 이론이 젠더와 기술의 관계에 대한 복합적인 이해를 나타내기 위해 등장하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa00&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Wajcman |first=Judy |date=2000-06 |title=Reflections on Gender and Technology Studies |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030631200030003005 |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=447–464 |doi=10.1177/030631200030003005 |s2cid=145345073 |issn=0306-3127}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 인터넷의 급속한 보급 가운데 [[페미스트 기술과학]]과 [[퀴어이론]]의 원칙이 결합되면서 연구영역{{s|field}}의 프레임워크가 확장됨에 따라, 젠더와 기술 간의 상호구성적 관계는 21세기 초 이항적 젠더역할에 대한 페미니스트 STS의 거부에 기여하였다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;지금까지 연구자들이 탐사해 온 연구영역에는 젠더가 생성하거나 비인간 행위자와 상호작용하는 개인이나 집단이 만드는 [[정책]] 개발, [[재생산]], [[약학]], 소비자 제품 디자인 및 사용, [[엔지니어링]] 문화가 포함된다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;law08&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:4--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;opi05&quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|editor1-last=Oudshoorn |editor1-first=Nelly |editor2-last=Pinch |editor2-first=Trevor |title=How &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;users &lt;/del&gt;matter: The co-construction of users and technologies |date=2005 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass., U.S. |isbn=978-0-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;262281119 &lt;/del&gt;|chapter=Introduction: How users and non-users matter |volume=1-25 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/3592.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://eusp.org/sites/default/files/archive/stories/library/Exhibitions/0061087.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 이러한 공동구축 관계가 젠더·기술·과학이 이들에 의한 상호작용보다 앞서 존재할 수 없다는 점을 강조한다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa95&quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Wajcman |first=Judy |title=Handbook of Science and Technology Studies |날짜=1995 |pages=189–204 |place= |publisher=SAGE |장=Feminist theories of technology |doi=10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |isbn=978-0-7619-2498-2 |access-date=2022-04-11}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 이 유물-기호 프레임워크는 페미니스트 STS 연구자들간의 수십년 동안의 내부적 협상 절차를 통해 구축되었으나, 이전의 STS 연구물들이 보여준 이항적 젠더실천 이해는 고정되어 있지 않고, 다층적이며 유연한 젠더에 대한 필드의 관점을 반영하기 위한 세밀한 비평을 겪고 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa95&quot; /&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;지금까지 연구자들이 탐사해 온 연구영역에는 젠더가 생성하거나 비인간 행위자와 상호작용하는 개인이나 집단이 만드는 [[정책]] 개발, [[재생산]], [[약학]], 소비자 제품 디자인 및 사용, [[엔지니어링]] 문화가 포함된다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;law08&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:4--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;opi05&quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|editor1-last=Oudshoorn |editor1-first=Nelly |editor2-last=Pinch |editor2-first=Trevor |title=How &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;USERS &lt;/ins&gt;matter: The co-construction of users and technologies |date=2005 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass., U.S. |isbn=978-0-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;262-65109-7 &lt;/ins&gt;|chapter=Introduction: How users and non-users matter |volume=1-25 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/3592.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://eusp.org/sites/default/files/archive/stories/library/Exhibitions/0061087.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 이러한 공동구축 관계가 젠더·기술·과학이 이들에 의한 상호작용보다 앞서 존재할 수 없다는 점을 강조한다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa95&quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Wajcman |first=Judy |title=Handbook of Science and Technology Studies |날짜=1995 |pages=189–204 |place= |publisher=SAGE |장=Feminist theories of technology |doi=10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |isbn=978-0-7619-2498-2 |access-date=2022-04-11}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 이 유물-기호 프레임워크는 페미니스트 STS 연구자들간의 수십년 동안의 내부적 협상 절차를 통해 구축되었으나, 이전의 STS 연구물들이 보여준 이항적 젠더실천 이해는 고정되어 있지 않고, 다층적이며 유연한 젠더에 대한 필드의 관점을 반영하기 위한 세밀한 비평을 겪고 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa95&quot; /&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;페미니스트 STS의 핵심 개념에는 유물기호학, 상황화된 지식, [[사회구성주의]]가 있다. 이 학제는 유물기호이론을 현재의 과학기술연구에 포함하는데 기여하였으나 연구 속의 개념들의 범용성이 부족하다는 비판을 받고 있어 연구영역의 영향력을 감소시키고 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa95&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;페미니스트 STS의 핵심 개념에는 유물기호학, 상황화된 지식, [[사회구성주의]]가 있다. 이 학제는 유물기호이론을 현재의 과학기술연구에 포함하는데 기여하였으나 연구 속의 개념들의 범용성이 부족하다는 비판을 받고 있어 연구영역의 영향력을 감소시키고 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa95&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Ellif</name></author>
	</entry>
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		<title>2023년 1월 20일 (금) 18:49에 Ellif님의 편집</title>
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		<updated>2023-01-20T18:49:04Z</updated>

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				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;1번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;1번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;페미니스트 과학기술학&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;({{llang|en|Feminist science and technology studies}}, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;페미니스트 STS&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)은 [[과학기술연구]](STS)의 이론적 하위 분야로서 젠더가 과학과 기술과 상호작용하는 방식을 탐사한다. 1980년대 초반 [[기술결정주의]]이 팽배한 데 반대한 STS 상대주의 이론들과 함께 형성되었다. 현실이 고정되어 있기보다 복합적이라고 보며, 과학적 [[객관성]]을 넘어선 [[상황화된 지식]]을 추구한다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Law |first=John |date=2008-11 |title=On Sociology and STS |journal=The Sociological Review |출판사=Sage |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=623–649 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00808.x |s2cid=149088374 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:0--&amp;gt;. 2000년대에 들어서 저명학자들이 과학지식, 기술의 디자인과 사용에 대한 페미니스트 비평을 생성하면서 페미니스트 STS에서 유물-기호 이론이 젠더와 기술의 관계에 대한 복합적인 이해를 나타내기 위해 등장하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa00&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Wajcman |first=Judy |date=2000-06 |title=Reflections on Gender and Technology Studies |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030631200030003005 |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=447–464 |doi=10.1177/030631200030003005 |s2cid=145345073 |issn=0306-3127}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 인터넷의 급속한 보급 가운데 [[페미스트 기술과학]]과 [[퀴어이론]]의 원칙이 결합되면서 연구영역{{s|field}}의 프레임워크가 확장됨에 따라, 젠더와 기술 간의 상호구성적 관계는 21세기 초 이항적 젠더역할에 대한 페미니스트 STS의 거부에 기여하였다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;페미니스트 과학기술학&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;({{llang|en|Feminist science and technology studies}}, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;페미니스트 STS&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)은 [[과학기술연구]](STS)의 이론적 하위 분야로서 젠더가 과학과 기술과 상호작용하는 방식을 탐사한다. 1980년대 초반 [[기술결정주의]]이 팽배한 데 반대한 STS 상대주의 이론들과 함께 형성되었다. 현실이 고정되어 있기보다 복합적이라고 보며, 과학적 [[객관성]]을 넘어선 [[상황화된 지식]]을 추구한다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Law |first=John |date=2008-11 |title=On Sociology and STS |journal=The Sociological Review |출판사=Sage |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=623–649 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00808.x |s2cid=149088374 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:0--&amp;gt;. 2000년대에 들어서 저명학자들이 과학지식, 기술의 디자인과 사용에 대한 페미니스트 비평을 생성하면서 페미니스트 STS에서 유물-기호 이론이 젠더와 기술의 관계에 대한 복합적인 이해를 나타내기 위해 등장하였다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa00&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용 |last=Wajcman |first=Judy |date=2000-06 |title=Reflections on Gender and Technology Studies |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030631200030003005 |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=447–464 |doi=10.1177/030631200030003005 |s2cid=145345073 |issn=0306-3127}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 인터넷의 급속한 보급 가운데 [[페미스트 기술과학]]과 [[퀴어이론]]의 원칙이 결합되면서 연구영역{{s|field}}의 프레임워크가 확장됨에 따라, 젠더와 기술 간의 상호구성적 관계는 21세기 초 이항적 젠더역할에 대한 페미니스트 STS의 거부에 기여하였다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;지금까지 연구자들이 탐사해 온 연구영역에는 젠더가 생성하거나 비인간 행위자와 상호작용하는 개인이나 집단이 만드는 [[정책]] 개발, [[재생산]], [[약학]], 소비자 제품 디자인 및 사용, [[엔지니어링]] 문화가 포함된다&amp;lt;!--:4--&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;law08&quot;&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;opi05&quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|editor1-last=Oudshoorn |editor1-first=Nelly |editor2-last=Pinch |editor2-first=Trevor |title=How users matter: The co-construction of users and technologies |date=2005 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass., U.S. |isbn=978-0-262281119 |chapter=Introduction: How users and non-users matter |volume=1-25 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/3592.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://eusp.org/sites/default/files/archive/stories/library/Exhibitions/0061087.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 이러한 공동구축 관계가 젠더·기술·과학이 이들에 의한 상호작용보다 앞서 존재할 수 없다는 점을 강조한다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa95&quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Wajcman |first=Judy |title=Handbook of Science and Technology Studies |날짜=1995 |pages=189–204 |place= |publisher=SAGE |장=Feminist theories of technology |doi=10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |isbn=978-0-7619-2498-2 |access-date=2022-04-11}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 이 유물-기호 프레임워크는 페미니스트 STS 연구자들간의 수십년 동안의 내부적 협상 절차를 통해 구축되었으나, 이전의 STS 연구물들이 보여준 이항적 젠더실천 이해는 고정되어 있지 않고, 다층적이며 유연한 젠더에 대한 필드의 관점을 반영하기 위한 세밀한 비평을 겪고 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa95&quot; /&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;지금까지 연구자들이 탐사해 온 연구영역에는 젠더가 생성하거나 비인간 행위자와 상호작용하는 개인이나 집단이 만드는 [[정책]] 개발, [[재생산]], [[약학]], 소비자 제품 디자인 및 사용, [[엔지니어링]] 문화가 포함된다&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;law08&quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;!--:4--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;opi05&quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|editor1-last=Oudshoorn |editor1-first=Nelly |editor2-last=Pinch |editor2-first=Trevor |title=How users matter: The co-construction of users and technologies |date=2005 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass., U.S. |isbn=978-0-262281119 |chapter=Introduction: How users and non-users matter |volume=1-25 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/3592.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://eusp.org/sites/default/files/archive/stories/library/Exhibitions/0061087.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 이러한 공동구축 관계가 젠더·기술·과학이 이들에 의한 상호작용보다 앞서 존재할 수 없다는 점을 강조한다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa95&quot;&amp;gt;{{책 인용|last=Wajcman |first=Judy |title=Handbook of Science and Technology Studies |날짜=1995 |pages=189–204 |place= |publisher=SAGE |장=Feminist theories of technology |doi=10.4135/9781412990127.n9 |isbn=978-0-7619-2498-2 |access-date=2022-04-11}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 이 유물-기호 프레임워크는 페미니스트 STS 연구자들간의 수십년 동안의 내부적 협상 절차를 통해 구축되었으나, 이전의 STS 연구물들이 보여준 이항적 젠더실천 이해는 고정되어 있지 않고, 다층적이며 유연한 젠더에 대한 필드의 관점을 반영하기 위한 세밀한 비평을 겪고 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;wa95&quot; /&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;페미니스트 STS의 핵심 개념에는 유물기호학, 상황화된 지식, [[사회구성주의]]가 있다. 이 학제는 유물기호이론을 현재의 과학기술연구에 포함하는데 기여하였으나 연구 속의 개념들의 범용성이 부족하다는 비판을 받고 있어 연구영역의 영향력을 감소시키고 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa95&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;페미니스트 STS의 핵심 개념에는 유물기호학, 상황화된 지식, [[사회구성주의]]가 있다. 이 학제는 유물기호이론을 현재의 과학기술연구에 포함하는데 기여하였으나 연구 속의 개념들의 범용성이 부족하다는 비판을 받고 있어 연구영역의 영향력을 감소시키고 있다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;law08&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wa95&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l13&quot;&gt;13번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;13번째 줄:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;이후 1990년대 초반 페미니스트 STS 연구들은 ANT 연구방법론을 차용해 과학의 지배적인 권위에 문제를 제기하는 데까지 나아갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. SCOT 이론과 방법론 또한 [[주디 와이즈먼]]{{s|Judy Wajcman}}의 [[엔지니어링]] 문화에 대한 연구 등과 같이 [[사회구성주의]] 원칙을 채택해 연구자들이 젠더가 기술에 첨부{{s|embed}}되는 절차를 탐색하기 시작하면서 이 학제에 결합되었다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 한편 [[트레버 핀치]]나 [[낸시 오숀]]같은 다른 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 기술이 예상되는 사용자들에게 멋지어지는{{s|designed}} 방식에 대한 [[스티브 울가]]의 연구&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wo90&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolgar |first=Steve |date=May 1990 |title=Configuring the User: The Case of Usability Trials |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |journal=The Sociological Review |volume=38 |issue=1_suppl |pages=58–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |s2cid=145786443 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:6--&amp;gt;의 영향을 받아 연구를 2000년대까지 이어갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;이후 1990년대 초반 페미니스트 STS 연구들은 ANT 연구방법론을 차용해 과학의 지배적인 권위에 문제를 제기하는 데까지 나아갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. SCOT 이론과 방법론 또한 [[주디 와이즈먼]]{{s|Judy Wajcman}}의 [[엔지니어링]] 문화에 대한 연구 등과 같이 [[사회구성주의]] 원칙을 채택해 연구자들이 젠더가 기술에 첨부{{s|embed}}되는 절차를 탐색하기 시작하면서 이 학제에 결합되었다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ct93&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;. 한편 [[트레버 핀치]]나 [[낸시 오숀]]같은 다른 페미니스트 STS 연구자들은 기술이 예상되는 사용자들에게 멋지어지는{{s|designed}} 방식에 대한 [[스티브 울가]]의 연구&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;wo90&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolgar |first=Steve |date=May 1990 |title=Configuring the User: The Case of Usability Trials |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |journal=The Sociological Review |volume=38 |issue=1_suppl |pages=58–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb03349.x |s2cid=145786443 |issn=0038-0261}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--:6--&amp;gt;의 영향을 받아 연구를 2000년대까지 이어갔다&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;opi05&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;신규 이론과 방법론을 통해 과학적 지식을 습득하는 페미니스트 STS의 방식은 섹스와 젠더의 분류, 연구에서 사용되는 방식과 연관된 분야 속에서 논쟁을 일으켰다&amp;lt;!--:5--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fa01&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Faulkner |first=Wendy |date=January 2001 |title=The technology question in feminism |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539500001667 |journal=Women&#039;s Studies International Forum |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00166-7 |issn=0277-5395}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. SCOT 연구자인 트레버 핀치와 [[위비 바이커]]는 서로 다른 사회집단의 다양한 반응을 설명하기 위해 ‘해석적 유연성{{s|interpretive flexibility}}’을 제안하면서, 젠더를 관련 사회집단으로서 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;반영했다&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;law08&lt;/del&gt;&quot; /&amp;gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;신규 이론과 방법론을 통해 과학적 지식을 습득하는 페미니스트 STS의 방식은 섹스와 젠더의 분류, 연구에서 사용되는 방식과 연관된 분야 속에서 논쟁을 일으켰다&amp;lt;!--:5--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fa01&quot;&amp;gt;{{저널 인용|last=Faulkner |first=Wendy |date=January 2001 |title=The technology question in feminism |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539500001667 |journal=Women&#039;s Studies International Forum |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00166-7 |issn=0277-5395}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. SCOT 연구자인 트레버 핀치와 [[위비 바이커]]는 서로 다른 사회집단의 다양한 반응을 설명하기 위해 ‘해석적 유연성{{s|interpretive flexibility}}’을 제안하면서, 젠더를 관련 사회집단으로서 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;반영하고, 사회집단간의 균형적 접근이 젠더와 기술 사이의 상호구축적 관계라고 설명했다&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;opi05&quot; /&amp;gt;. 그러나 이는 곧 젠더와 기술 간의 상호연관 속에서 역사적으로 지속된 권력 불균형을 무시한다는 비판을 받았다&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;fa01&lt;/ins&gt;&quot;/&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The symmetry approach addressed the co-constructive relationship between gender and technology,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&amp;gt; though was critiqued for ignoring historically-relevant power imbalances in how gender and technology relate to one another.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- [[Wendy Faulkner]] became a notable critic of symmetry, encouraging an approach balancing symmetry&#039;s optimism with feminism&#039;s characteristic pessimism, which recognizes science and technology&#039;s relationship to [[hegemonic masculinity]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; This critique endorsed a return of the discipline to Donna Haraway&#039;s metaphor of the [[cyborg]] to assert women&#039;s presence in both technology design and technological cultures historically stereotyped as masculine, affirming the necessity of feminine characteristics in both design and use of technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner addressed power imbalances not addressed by the social-constructivist approach, but the reliance on gendered labels was criticized for [[heteronormativity]] within a field which had recognized multiple gender representations distinct from binary sex roles.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner&#039;s research presented a feminist perspective in which men inherently possessed masculinity, and women femininity, neglecting the material-semiotic nature of gender and technology adopted by feminist STS scholars proposing gender as co-created alongside, not prior-to, technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&amp;gt;Landström, Catharina {{Citation |title=Queering Feminist Technology Studies |date=11 September 2013 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203427415-35 |work=Women, Science, and Technology |pages=419–433 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203427415-35 |isbn=978-0-203-42741-5 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Wendy Faulkner]] became a notable critic of symmetry, encouraging an approach balancing symmetry&#039;s optimism with feminism&#039;s characteristic pessimism, which recognizes science and technology&#039;s relationship to [[hegemonic masculinity]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; This critique endorsed a return of the discipline to Donna Haraway&#039;s metaphor of the [[cyborg]] to assert women&#039;s presence in both technology design and technological cultures historically stereotyped as masculine, affirming the necessity of feminine characteristics in both design and use of technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner addressed power imbalances not addressed by the social-constructivist approach, but the reliance on gendered labels was criticized for [[heteronormativity]] within a field which had recognized multiple gender representations distinct from binary sex roles.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt; Faulkner&#039;s research presented a feminist perspective in which men inherently possessed masculinity, and women femininity, neglecting the material-semiotic nature of gender and technology adopted by feminist STS scholars proposing gender as co-created alongside, not prior-to, technology.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&amp;gt;Landström, Catharina {{Citation |title=Queering Feminist Technology Studies |date=11 September 2013 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203427415-35 |work=Women, Science, and Technology |pages=419–433 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203427415-35 |isbn=978-0-203-42741-5 |access-date=2022-04-14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Judy Wajcman commented on the conflict and negotiation occurring within the discipline&amp;#039;s research from the early 1980s until the turn of the century, crediting these debates for the complex understanding of gender-technology relationships developed by feminist STS.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; [[Cyberspace]] introduced new possibilities for research into the co-construction of gender and technology, both of which were no longer conceptualized by feminist STS as separate and fixed, but interconnected and multiple.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; --&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Judy Wajcman commented on the conflict and negotiation occurring within the discipline&amp;#039;s research from the early 1980s until the turn of the century, crediting these debates for the complex understanding of gender-technology relationships developed by feminist STS.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; [[Cyberspace]] introduced new possibilities for research into the co-construction of gender and technology, both of which were no longer conceptualized by feminist STS as separate and fixed, but interconnected and multiple.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; --&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Ellif</name></author>
	</entry>
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