사회적 구성물 문서 원본 보기

'''사회적 구성물'''({{llang|en|social construct}})은 [[관습]]이나 집단적 합의에 의해 실제가 된 모든 범주나 사물을 의미한다<ref name=":0">{{웹 인용|title=Social Constructionism |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/social-constructionism |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{서적 인용|last=Searle |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoDhXBxad_oC |title=The Construction of Social Reality |publisher=Free Press |year=2010 |pages=3–8|isbn=978-1-4391-0836-9 }}</ref> 사회적으로 구성된 실재는 인간의 행동이나 신념과 독립적으로 존재하는 [[자연종]]과 대조된다.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

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사회적 구성물의 간단한 예로는 [[낱말]]의 의미, [[지폐]]의 가치, [[경제체제]]의 규칙 등이 있다.<ref>{{서적 인용|last=Elder-Vass |first=Dave |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqfMEsYjdXoC |title=The Reality of Social Construction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9781107024373 |pages=5, 10}}</ref><ref>{{서적 인용|last=Stern |first=Paul C. |title=The Social Construction of the Economy |journal=Challenge |volume=33 |number=1 |pages=38–45 |year=1990 |doi=10.1080/05775132.1990.11471399 |jstor=40721127 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40721127|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[인종]]과 같은 다른 예들은 과거에 논란의 여지가 있는 것으로 간주되었으나, 현재는 과학자들의 합의에 의해 자연적으로 결정된 것이 아니라 사회적으로 구성된 것으로 받아들여지고 있다.<ref>{{웹 인용|title=Race |url=https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Race |website=National Human Genome Research Institute |quote=Race is a social construct used to group people. Race was constructed as a hierarchal human-grouping system, generating racial classifications to identify, distinguish and marginalize some groups across nations, regions and the world. Race divides human populations into groups often based on physical appearance, social factors and cultural backgrounds.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{웹 인용|date=2019 |title=AABA Statement on Race & Racism |url=https://bioanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/ |website=American Association of Biological Anthropologists |quote=Race does not provide an accurate representation of human biological variation. It was never accurate in the past, and it remains inaccurate when referencing contemporary human populations. Humans are not divided biologically into distinct continental types or racial genetic clusters. Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination. It thus does not have its roots in biological reality, but in policies of discrimination. Because of that, over the last five centuries, race has become a social reality that structures societies and how we experience the world. In this regard, race is real, as is racism, and both have real biological consequences.}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{서적 인용|url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/26902/chapter/1 |title=Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field (Consensus Study Report) |date=2023 |publisher=[[전미과학공학의학한림원|National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] |doi=10.17226/26902 |isbn=978-0-309-70065-8 |quote=In humans, race is a socially constructed designation, a misleading and harmful surrogate for population genetic differences, and has a long history of being incorrectly identified as the major genetic reason for phenotypic differences between groups.}}</ref> 특정 [[과학 이론]]의 기초가 되는 덜 경험적이고 더 추상적인 개념들과 같은 또 다른 잠재적 사례들은 여전히 철학적 논쟁의 대상으로 남아 있다.<ref>{{서적 인용|last=Stephen L. |first=Goldman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xxJEAAAQBAJ |title=Science Wars: The Battle Over Knowledge and Reality |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9780197518625 |pages=239ff}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|last=Mallon |first=Ron |date=11 January 2019 |title=Naturalistic Approaches to Social Construction |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-construction-naturalistic/#WhaSocCon |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>

== 객관성과의 관계 ==

20세기 동안 철학자 [[존 설]]과 사회학자 [[피터 L. 버거]], [[토마스 루크만]]은 [[소유권]], [[시민|시민권]], 혼인 여부와 같이 사회적으로 구성된 일부 실재들이 [[주관과 객관|객관적]] 사실의 형태로 간주되어야 한다고 주장했으며, 이러한 사회적으로 구성된 객관적 사실의 존재를 탐구해야 할 철학적 또는 [[방법론]]적 문제로 제기했다.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{서적 인용|last1=Berger |first1=Peter L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jcma84waN3AC |title=The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge |last2=Luckmann |first2=Thomas |publisher=Open Road Media |year=2011 |isbn=9781453215463 |quote=Society does indeed possess objective facticity. And society is indeed built up by activity that expresses subjective meaning. ... How is it possible that subjective meanings become objective facticities? ... This inquiry, we maintain, is the task of the sociology of knowledge. |orig-date=1966}}</ref>

반면 [[루카치 죄르지]], [[테오도어 아도르노]], [[막스 호르크하이머]] 등은 [[프리드리히 니체]]와 [[카를 마르크스]]의 사상을 바탕으로, 사회적으로 구성된 사실을 마치 자연적인 것처럼 다루는 관행의 배후에 [[재이론화|물신화의 오류]]가 있다고 주장했다. 루카치는 이 현상을 "유령적 객관성"이라 불렀다.<ref>{{웹 인용|last=Epstein |first=Brian |date=21 March 2018 |title=Social Ontology |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-ontology/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref><ref>{{서적 인용|last=György |first=Lukács |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/hcc05.htm |title=Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat |publisher=Merlin Press |year=1967 |orig-date=1923}}</ref><ref>{{서적 인용|last1=Horkheimer |first1=Max |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-75zLjGlZQC |title=Dialectic of Enlightenment |last2=Adorno |first2=Theodore |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780804736336 |pages=163 |orig-date=1944}}</ref>

보다 최근에 [[체질인류학]]자와 [[공중보건]] 전문가들은 인종이 사회적 구성물이기는 하지만, [[인종주의]]의 지속이 소외된 집단의 건강과 웰빙에 객관적으로 증명 가능한 부정적인 결과를 초래한다는 것을 밝혀냈다.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{뉴스 인용|last=Gannon |first=Megan |date=5 February 2016 |title=Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue |work=Scientific American |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/ |quote=Today, the mainstream belief among scientists is that race is a social construct without biological meaning. ... 'While we argue phasing out racial terminology in the biological sciences, we also acknowledge that using race as a political or social category to study racism, although filled with lots of challenges, remains necessary given our need to understand how structural inequities and discrimination produce health disparities between groups,' [Michael] Yudell [professor of public health at Drexel University] said.}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|title=Tackling structural racism and ethnicity-based discrimination in health |url=https://www.who.int/activities/tackling-structural-racism-and-ethnicity-based-discrimination-in-health |website=World Health Organization |quote=Across the globe, Indigenous Peoples as well as people of African descent, Roma and other ethnic minorities experience stigma, racism and racial discrimination. This situation often increases their exposure and vulnerability to risk factors and reduces their access to quality health services. The result is that these populations often experience poorer health outcomes. This has been evidenced and exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, in which some of the starkest inequities have emerged among populations experiencing racial discrimination.}}</ref>{{위키배움터|at=Exploring Social Constructs}}
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== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

[[분류:사회구성주의]]
[[분류:사회학 용어]]